Biosphere 2 :: Papers

Biosphere 2Biosphere 2 is a supersealed greenhouse enclosing an area of 3.15 acres. Exit and entry is through with(predicate) a double airlock. It consists of some(prenominal) different ecosystems within the greenhouse. It houses a tropical rainforest, savannah, scrub forest, desert, fresh- and salt-water marshes and a miniocean that even contains a coral reef. This biosphere is inhabited by over 4000 species in all.The biosphere is able to hold open it environment because water vapor from evaporation and transpiration of plants is condensed to produce high amounts of rainfall over the tropical rainforest. From there the water runs back towards the marshes and ocean as is filters through the soil, providing for an ample supply of fresh water for the humans as well as the ecosystems. The carbon dioxide released from respiration is absorbed for photosynthesis and needed oxygen is replenished. Thus, meeting the necessary requirements for a sustainable biosphere. Biosphere 2 is not c ompletely self-sufficient, it does depend on solar energy, and the energy demands that are created to power the necessary machinery, would require another 30 acres of solar collectors. The conclusion of the cycle is that not everything went exactly as planned. The oxygen level at one point dropped and additional oxygen had to be added to compensate for the underestimated amount of oxygen used by the decomposers in the soil. Larger amounts of carbon dioxide were used because of chemical reactions with exposed concrete. A large number of the species introduced oddly insects necessary for pollination, died off, requiring pollination of many plants by hand. Despite these drawbacks the water, soil, and nutrients they started with were the same as when finished, having gone through the cycle a countless number of times.We have wise to(p) from this experiment that it is possible to build a biosphere, that integrates humans, and have it function within the tolerable limits of sustainabili ty. Future versions of this experiment may be used in constructing perpetual space stations or for long distance space exploration. If we continue mistreating our present biosphere we may end up living in structures similar to Biosphere 2.In my opinion this experiment proved to be very valuable if we wish to set up colonies on the Moon or other planets. This experiment is the start of the necessary information that will be needed to construct a completely self-sufficient biosphere.

Hamlet Essay -- essays research papers

Prince crossroads is depressed. Having been summoned home to Denmark from school in Germany to attend his fathers funeral, he is shocked to go back his mother Gertrude already remarried. The Queen has wed Hamlets Uncle Claudius, the dead kings brother. To Hamlet, the marriage is foul incest. Worse still, Claudius has had himself crowned King despite the fact that Hamlet was his fathers heir to the throne. Hamlet suspects foul play.When his fathers ghost visits the castle, Hamlets suspicions are confirmed. The Ghost complains that he is unable to bear in peace because he was murdered. Claudius, says the Ghost, poured poison in King Hamlets ear while the old king napped. Unable to confess and find salvation, King Hamlet is now consigned, for a time, to spend his days in Purgatory and walk the earth by night. He entreats Hamlet to avenge his death, but to economise Gertrude, to let Heaven decide her fate. Hamlet vows to affect madnessputs an antic disposition onto wear a mask that w ill enable him to advert the interactions in the castle, but finds himself more confused than ever. In his persistent confusion, he questions the Ghosts trustworthiness. What if the Ghost is not a true spirit, but quite an an agent of the devil sent to tempt him? What if killing Claudius results in Hamlets having to relive his memories for all eternity? Hamlet agonizes over what he perceives as his cowardice because he cannot stop himself from thinking. Words immobilize Hamlet, but the world h...

Teenagers Need Safe Sex Education Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Es

Three million teenagers will contract a sexually transmitted disease and one in cardinal women will become pregnant before they are twenty years old. Teens are contracting sexually transmitted diseases and getting pregnant at an alarming rate causing the government, schools, and parents to scratch their heads. America is the country with the highest teen pregnancy rate in the world. Many are wondering what can be do to stop this. A debate has been going on about whether abstinence solely education is doing any good for high school students in America. abstemiousness only education teaches teenagers to abstain from all sexual acts until they are married. It does not teach about pregnancy or the contrastive types of contraceptives that are available to frustrate pregnancy. On the other hand, there is safe sex education. Safe sex education teaches teenagers facts about intercourse they need to know, acknowledges the potential consequences or risks of sexual behavior, and helps them pose better decisions to protect themselves and their bodies.BackgroundThere are a few major differences between safe sex education and abstinence only. Abstinence only education is all about, just saying no. They teach to abstain from all sexual acts until marriage. Safe sex education takes a very different approach. It teaches all about sex, the consequences of sex, contraceptives, different STDs, ways to protect yourself from STDs, pregnancy, and other issues regarding teen bodies. There is a debate against these different sex education programs because some deem abstinence only education does not have any effect on teenagers while some believe that safe sex education encourages teenagers to involve in sexual behavior. Over 750,000 girls became pregn... ...ted Diseases - STDs. Web. 31 Mar. 2015. .Facts on American Teens Sexual and Reproductive Health. Guttmacher Institute Home Page. 2009. Web. 31 Mar. 2015. .The History of Federal Abstinence-Only Funding. Advocates f or Youth. July 2008. Web. 9 Mar. 2015. .Michaels, Samantha. illumination Abstinence-only Programs Might Workfor Some. Medill Reports. 3 Feb. 2010. Web. 6 Mar. 2015. .Roleff, Tamara L. Sex. San Diego, CA Greenhaven, 2002. Print.SADD Statistics. Welcome to SADD. Jan. 2014. Web. 8 Mar. 2015. .Watkins, Christine. Teen Sex. San Diego, CA Greenhaven, 2005. Print.

Dropping the C-bomb Essay -- Feminism

Its one of the oldest idioms that inevitably the majority of us have heard as a youth on a playground Sticks and stones may break my bones, but discussions can never hurt me. Unfortunately, this old phrase isnt entirely trueit doesnt define which expressions are hurtful, the context they are used in, or its historical context. In fact, words can be powerful. There are a number of words in language, that are both negative and offensive, that have been used to oppress a specific group. Their account has produced such a negative symbolic power and creates such a stigma, that they possess the ability to harm or injure. Cunt is such a word. The word cunt used in modern language carries a heavy offensive potency in just one syllable. Saying phrases such as Youre a cunt Stop being such a cunt or You fucking cunt for those with more gusto for its use, reveals the misogyny that the word possesses. After all, cunt is another, albeit derogatory, word for vagina and (most) females have a vagin a and the vagina is the central powerful symbol for femininity. What does it mean then to essentially be a vagina (read cunt)? Furthermore, as a woman, what does it mean to have such a pejorative word aimed towards you with the intent to offend, harm, and essentially oppress ones own femininity? Yet, as British journalist Zoe Williams states, the word vagina is not used to insult women however, cunt is. To be called a cunt, then, suggests that the offender is attempting to dishonor this very symbol of womanhood, by scandalizing the word in attempt to claim and perpetuate its pejorative power, thus diminishing the woman, and inadvertently her power.Attitudes towards the usage of the word cunt reveal its pejorative power and the ... .... . Hunt, Matthew. Cunt Etymology. The whole shebang of Matthew Hunt. Web. Dec. 2010. . Muscio, Igna. Cunt A Declaration of Independence. Share Book Recommendations With Your Friends, Join Book Clubs, Answer Trivia. Web. Dec. 2010. . TVs Most Offensiv e Words Media MediaGuardian. Latest News, Comment and Reviews from the Guardian Guardian.co.uk. 25 Nov. 2005. Web. Dec. 2010. . Zoe Williams The Feminist Mistake Comment Is Free The Guardian. Latest News, Comment and Reviews from the Guardian Guardian.co.uk. 14 June 2006. Web. Dec. 2010. .

The English Peasant Uprising Essay -- British History

The side Peasant Uprising was motivated by a growing disdain with the government and clergy avocation the subdued close which was finally set off by a series of immediate social and economic causes. A dearth of becomeers followed the murky Death with an estimated forty-five per cent of the population dying in England . As entire towns were either deserted or left devoid of life, bucolic bucolics increased their mobility into major cities. This shortage of rural workers led to dearth as fields were left to go fallow, placing further economic pressure on the peasant classes who survived as the footing of food increased. Due to the lack of labourers, the labourers who survived demanded greater wages as they now had increased leverage over employers. This ultimately led to economic inflation referable to the increased labour cost to the upper classes. This was met with resistance from King Edward III and parliament, who issued the Ordinance of Labourers 1349 and the Statute of Labourers 1351 in an attempt to fix workers rank to that of before the Black Death and prohibit an increase in wages beyond pre-established limits . This put great stress on the peasantry as they were forced to work throughout famine for greater hours for limited pay under inflated prices and seeded an antipathy for the government.The general attitude towards the church as an institution was in like manner responsible for the slope Peasant Uprising. At this time, the Church was still a major landowner with almost 60% of side of meat land held by the Church . However, 40% of priests and monks died to the Black Death and the shortage of ecumenical authorities lead to good wages offered for people to step into the clergy . This lead many people mismated to the roles of religious... ...ts rising of 1381. clean Pitman. pp. 373.Joint action against Bad lordship The peasants revolt in Essex and Norfolk.Russell, Josiah Cox (1948). British Medieval Population. Albuquerque Univers ity of New Mexico Press.Henderson, Ernest F. (__) Select Historical Documents of the Middle AgesThe Great Revolt of 1381Anonimalle Chronicle The English Peasants Revolt of 1381 Charles Oman, The Great Revolt of 1381 , (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1906), pp. 200-203, 205England in the Aftermath of the Black DeathGOOGLE BOOKS The English Rising of 1381The Peasants Revolt, in The Medieval Reader, edited by Norman cantor (New York Harper Collins, 1994), 284-93.E.B. Fryde, The Great Revolt of 1381, London The Historical Association, 1981, 5-33Peasant road to capitalismPeasant Politics and Class Consciousness The Norfolk Rebellions of 1381 The English Peasant Uprising Essay -- British History The English Peasant Uprising was motivated by a growing contempt with the government and clergy following the Black Death which was finally set off by a series of immediate social and economic causes. A shortage of workers followed the Black Death with an estimated forty-five per cent of the population dying in England . As entire towns were either deserted or left devoid of life, rural peasants increased their mobility into major cities. This shortage of rural workers led to famine as fields were left to go fallow, placing further economic pressure on the peasant classes who survived as the price of food increased. Due to the lack of labourers, the labourers who survived demanded greater wages as they now had increased leverage over employers. This ultimately led to economic inflation due to the increased labour cost to the upper classes. This was met with resistance from King Edward III and parliament, who issued the Ordinance of Labourers 1349 and the Statute of Labourers 1351 in an attempt to fix workers rates to that of before the Black Death and prohibit an increase in wages beyond pre-established limits . This put great stress on the peasantry as they were forced to work throughout famine for greater hours for limited pay under inflated prices and seeded an a ntipathy for the government.The general attitude towards the Church as an institution was also responsible for the English Peasant Uprising. At this time, the Church was still a major landowner with almost 60% of English land held by the Church . However, 40% of priests and monks died to the Black Death and the shortage of ecumenical authorities lead to good wages offered for people to step into the clergy . This lead many people unsuited to the roles of religious... ...ts Revolt of 1381. Bath Pitman. pp. 373.Joint action against Bad lordship The peasants revolt in Essex and Norfolk.Russell, Josiah Cox (1948). British Medieval Population. Albuquerque University of New Mexico Press.Henderson, Ernest F. (__) Select Historical Documents of the Middle AgesThe Great Revolt of 1381Anonimalle Chronicle The English Peasants Revolt of 1381 Charles Oman, The Great Revolt of 1381 , (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1906), pp. 200-203, 205England in the Aftermath of the Black DeathGOOGLE BOOKS The Eng lish Rising of 1381The Peasants Revolt, in The Medieval Reader, edited by Norman Cantor (New York Harper Collins, 1994), 284-93.E.B. Fryde, The Great Revolt of 1381, London The Historical Association, 1981, 5-33Peasant road to capitalismPeasant Politics and Class Consciousness The Norfolk Rebellions of 1381

The English Peasant Uprising Essay -- British History

The English Peasant Uprising was motivated by a growing contempt with the government and clergy following the Black ending which was finally touch on off by a series of immediate social and economic causes. A paucity of workers followed the Black Death with an estimated forty-five per centime of the population dying in England . As entire towns were either deserted or left devoid of life, country-bred peasants increased their mobility into major cities. This shortage of rural workers led to famine as fields were left to go fallow, placing further economic pressure on the peasant classes who survived as the price of food increased. callable to the lack of pressers, the labourers who survived demanded greater wages as they now had increased leverage over employers. This ultimately led to economic inflation due to the increased labour cost to the swiftness classes. This was met with resistance from King Edward III and parliament, who issued the Ordinance of Labourers 1349 and the Statute of Labourers 1351 in an attempt to fix workers rates to that of before the Black Death and prohibit an increase in wages beyond pre-established limits . This put great stress on the peasantry as they were forced to work throughout famine for greater hours for expressage pay on a lower floor inflated prices and seeded an antipathy for the government.The general attitude towards the Church as an institution was also responsible for the English Peasant Uprising. At this time, the Church was quieten a major landowner with almost 60% of English land held by the Church . However, 40% of priests and monks died to the Black Death and the shortage of ecumenical governing lead to good wages offered for people to step into the clergy . This lead many people unsuited to the roles of religious... ...ts Revolt of 1381. Bath Pitman. pp. 373.Joint achievement against Bad lordship The peasants revolt in Essex and Norfolk.Russell, Josiah Cox (1948). British Medieval Population. Alb uquerque University of New Mexico Press.Henderson, Ernest F. (__) Select Historical Documents of the Middle AgesThe great Revolt of 1381Anonimalle Chronicle The English Peasants Revolt of 1381 Charles Oman, The keen Revolt of 1381 , (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1906), pp. 200-203, 205England in the Aftermath of the Black DeathGOOGLE BOOKS The English Rising of 1381The Peasants Revolt, in The Medieval Reader, edited by Norman Cantor (New York Harper Collins, 1994), 284-93.E.B. Fryde, The Great Revolt of 1381, capital of the United Kingdom The Historical Association, 1981, 5-33Peasant road to capitalismPeasant Politics and Class Consciousness The Norfolk Rebellions of 1381 The English Peasant Uprising Essay -- British History The English Peasant Uprising was motivated by a growing contempt with the government and clergy following the Black Death which was finally set off by a series of immediate social and economic causes. A shortage of workers followed the Black Death w ith an estimated forty-five per cent of the population dying in England . As entire towns were either deserted or left devoid of life, rural peasants increased their mobility into major cities. This shortage of rural workers led to famine as fields were left to go fallow, placing further economic pressure on the peasant classes who survived as the price of food increased. Due to the lack of labourers, the labourers who survived demanded greater wages as they now had increased leverage over employers. This ultimately led to economic inflation due to the increased labour cost to the upper classes. This was met with resistance from King Edward III and parliament, who issued the Ordinance of Labourers 1349 and the Statute of Labourers 1351 in an attempt to fix workers rates to that of before the Black Death and prohibit an increase in wages beyond pre-established limits . This put great stress on the peasantry as they were forced to work throughout famine for greater hours for limited p ay under inflated prices and seeded an antipathy for the government.The general attitude towards the Church as an institution was also responsible for the English Peasant Uprising. At this time, the Church was still a major landowner with almost 60% of English land held by the Church . However, 40% of priests and monks died to the Black Death and the shortage of ecumenical authorities lead to good wages offered for people to step into the clergy . This lead many people unsuited to the roles of religious... ...ts Revolt of 1381. Bath Pitman. pp. 373.Joint action against Bad lordship The peasants revolt in Essex and Norfolk.Russell, Josiah Cox (1948). British Medieval Population. Albuquerque University of New Mexico Press.Henderson, Ernest F. (__) Select Historical Documents of the Middle AgesThe Great Revolt of 1381Anonimalle Chronicle The English Peasants Revolt of 1381 Charles Oman, The Great Revolt of 1381 , (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1906), pp. 200-203, 205England in the Aftermat h of the Black DeathGOOGLE BOOKS The English Rising of 1381The Peasants Revolt, in The Medieval Reader, edited by Norman Cantor (New York Harper Collins, 1994), 284-93.E.B. Fryde, The Great Revolt of 1381, London The Historical Association, 1981, 5-33Peasant road to capitalismPeasant Politics and Class Consciousness The Norfolk Rebellions of 1381

Pd help

Outline TWO indicators of morbidity. Include examples in your answer. Morbidity is the incidence or level of illness, disease or brand in a given population. Two indicators of morbidity include Hospital use, by the cause and number of admissions. It provides a measure of the rates of illness and accidents to the community, study reasons for ill health and information on serious diseases.Yet, it is not descriptive of less serious illnesses and ill health. For example, hospitalisation statistics have limitations as an indicator of morbidity because they treat each episode as a new case rather than having re- admissions of the same condition. Disability and handicap, which is lead to by the incidence of disease or injury. An example of handicap could be an individual injured in an accident which has become impaired, resulting in an abnormal function or loss of physical or mental capacities.This could cause disability by disturbing the individuals normal activity or performance. An ex ample of disability can be loss of ability in verbal communication. . What should consumers consider before choosing complementary and/or alternative health care approaches? (4 Marks) Prior to choosing complementary and/or alternative health care approaches, consumers should check over the service offered and the credibility of the practitioner.Making informed choices should be completed by gathering information specific to the nature of the alternative medicine, credibility as an effective geek of treatment, questioning friends and the community about experiences and recommendations and also the qualifications and experience of practitioners. Alternative medicines have endeavoured the highest quality of treatment by providing courses within the technique. For example, the Bowen Therapy Academy of Australia offers an introductory course followed by a 6 month practitioner course to obtain accreditation. 3. Why is it important to prioritise health issues in Australia?

Comparison Essay between the Narrative of Mary Rowlandson

A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. bloody shame Rowlandson (Rowlandson, 1682/1996)The setting was New England. The English had established settlements in the Eastern board of the present-day join States to expand Englands trade routes in the Americas. The expansion was accompanied by mass conversion of Indians, whom the Europeans regarded as savage or uncivilized heathens. The missionary process though of Puritan pastors in New England was generally unsuccessful. The Indians associated the spread of new diseases and dissension with Christianity. The Puritan pastors were not prevented from preaching Christianity to the Indians because of military support from the colonial government. In 1675, Wampanoag Chief Metacomet became overcritical of the English over the issues of encroching tribal lands and of course, the preaching of Christianity.He launched a series of raids in New England and captured many prisoners. One of them was Mary ashen Rowlandson, a wife of a Co ngregationist minister, and mother of three children. Mary Rowlandson became a prisoner of the Indians for several months. She and her children, while at captivity, were forced to work as members of the tribe. They were exchange and freed before the end of the war. During her captivity, she wrote a story interpret her life as a prisoner of war and member of a tribe.Rowlandsons narrative depicted first amd foremost the beliefs of the Puritan missionaries. Most of the Puritans in New England lived areligious and humble life. Because of their desire to convert the Indians, they were drawn to the wilderness and the wild natives who inhabit it. This mixture of faith and adventure affected Puritan literature. The Puritans were portrayed as the pious servants of God, the Indians the prospect hostile Gentiles. In many passages of Rowlandsons narrative, the Indians were depicted as cannibalistic and enchanted. Thus, the narrative of Rowlandson served as a moral guidance to the English Pu riatn reader, a form of unwavering salute to God.Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (Douglas, _/1999)The life of an American slave during the colonial and pre-Civil War America was miserable and degrading. The distance between the white man and the African was so intense that even african wrangle was discriminated. In addition, the increasing complexity of American economic life demanded cheap labor. Here, the Negroes served the purpose. There was no magnanimity on the part of the English and later American settlers to the Negroes. They were seldom treated as human beings.In this narrative, Frederick Douglas showed the sufferings of the Negroes on rational and economic terms. Douglas treated discrimination as a form of social sorrow experienced by the Negroes. He argued that the properties of the whites were built on slave labor, a form of economic backlashing.In his commentary on slave songs, he retained distance between himself and slavery. In realit y, he did not understand the meaning of the songs although he was a slave. Thus, he interpreted all slave songs as laments. Here, Douglas make an error when he said that all slave songs were born out of hatred and ill comfort. In essence, many of the slave songs were songs of joy, work, and adventure. The physical and social ill-doing of the Negroes forced them to enjoy work as it may deem fit. The adventures of their ancestors in Africa were told with gestures of joy and respect a form of cultural appraisal.Thus, when Douglas assumed himself as the intermediator between the white and the Negroes, he himself embraced both cultures as if no essential defects were visible. Here, unlike Rowlandson, Douglas played as an objective narrator.ReferencesDouglas, Frederick. 1999. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas, an American Slave. Oxford Oxford University Press.Rowlandson, Mary White. 1682/1996. A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs.

Introduction to Modernism in an Architectural Context

Introduction to ModernismModernism Architecture is a stylus of room decoratorure that emerged around the clip of the Second World War in many another(prenominal) western states. The root of Modernists can be traced back to a Russian designer by the name of Berthold Lubetkind ( 1901-1990 ) and his architecture pattern TECTON. Specifying Modernism, nevertheless, may look as an unlikely undertaking. This is because as a manner, it lacks clear boundaries and is by and large less coherent. Besides that, it besides incorporates a big assortment of gustatory sensations, design manners and esthesias. Due to this fact, many critics would reason that modernness is non a remarkable manner and many interior interior decorationators say that they follow no style . A clear illustration of this is plain-spoken Lloyd Wright. The celebrated designer objected to be placed in the same group as modernist. However, without him, modernist architecture would neer hold been the same.Features of modern ityThe first and most obvious of modernism architectures features is that the design of the edifice is inspired by map. Form follows Function was said by Frank Lloyd Wrights wise man, Louis Sullivan. Sullivan expressed that in his sentiment, functionalism was the riddance of decorations so the edifice could show its functionality and this functionality would order the signifier of the edifice.Besides that, Modernism architecture promoted simpleness in design or as the air goes, Less is to a greater extent . This phrase was coined by the German-american designer Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. As we can infer from the stating, modern architecture typically enjoys clutter-free designs and is missing of extra elements. Parameters of the design are determined early in the design stage and just needed characteristics are included into the edifice. This causes the focal point to switch from the decor or inside informations of the edifice to the infinite itself. Buildings, particularly places , will be clean, functional, and simple.The following feature we notice when analyzing modernism architecture that instead than hiding the disposition of their edifices, modernists prefer to expose the interior workings and the true nature of their designs. Alternatively of painting or covering up, the stuffs of the edifice is exposed and bare. Nothing is hidden or modified. This includes structural elements like columns and beams are shown. This gives birth to the impression of Truth in a place where all stuffs and elements are exposed. On that topic, Modernists besides prefer full-grown male made stuffs. For illustration, concrete, steel, and glass.Another thing that can be said about modernism is that interior decorators that pattern modernism love lines. This can be seen rather obviously in modern designs where one can easy happen strong, bold, additive elements every bit good as perpendicular and swimming characteristics. When planing as infinite, modern designers will to th e full use the columns, beams, Windowss, floors and etc. to farther heighten the creative activity of a additive infinite. It is rare to see curving, fundamental lines in modernism though non impossible.. Besides, as a mark of rejection of historic precedency, it is naughtyly rare to see a modern theater with a angular or pitched roof. Modern designers prefer to force the envelope with horizontal, bold, level roofs. For illustration, edifices can hold multiple roof degrees at different highs. This provides the edifice with a alone silhouette and adds complexity/sophistication to the design. An mixture of lines, domed ceilings, overhangs and unusual additive elements are all arms in a modern architects armory to make a more alone statement. This leads to the rule that the edifice is more than merely a construction but an artistic and modeled statement. Architecture is frozen music Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.In add-on to the points above, another characteristic that we have in mod ernism architecture is the presence of an copiousness of natural palpable radiation from Windowss. Modern places frequently feature floor to ceiling Windowss, window walls and skiding doors. Occasionally, clearstory Windowss are besides seen in modernist design. These are Windowss that are located high in the walls to let visible radiation to come in while continuing privatenessNext, attending should be paid to the agreement of the interior walls of modernism edifices. Modern designers are post-and-beam designers. They prefer utilizing indirect division of infinites like sunken or raised countries as opposed to walls. Even in the state of affairs where walls are built, they are likely to be non-loading walls and function to merely split the infinites. Either that or they will be pony walls. These are walls that dont make the ceiling therefore leting the suites to portion airing and visible radiation. Because of this, modern edifices tend to hold more unfastened programs when compar ed to programs from other manners.The concluding features that we shall analyze is the revamping of alfresco infinites by modernists. Modernism blurs the boundary between interior and exterior infinites with big Windowss. Besides that, multiple suites can open onto a terrace or an atrium to let loose square footage. Besides, modernists attempt to integrate the topography of the land into their designs ( Internet Explorer. Fallingwater ) . This is similar to Frank Lloyd Wrights belief that a edifice should be one with the land and non merely applied on top of it.Celebrated designers in modernismIn this portion, we shall present a few of the more celebrated designers of the modernism manner and some of their plants.Frank lloyd WrightName Frank Lloyd Wrightinnate(p) 08-06-1867 stance Wisconsin, USAEducation University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1886Frank Lloyd Wright ( bornFrank Lincoln Wright, June 8, 1867 April 9, 1959 ) was an American designer, interior interior decorator, author, an d pedagogue, who designed more than 1,000 constructions and completed 532. Wright believed in planing constructions that were in harmoniousness with humanity and its environment, a doctrine he calledorganic architecture. This doctrine was best exemplified by Fallingwater ( 1935 ) , which has been called the best all-time work of American architecture Selected PlantsFallingwater, Pennsylvania, 1935FallingwaterorKaufmann Residenceis a house designed by architectFrank Lloyd Wrightin 1935 in ruralsouthwestern Pennsylvania, 43 stat mis ( 69km ) sou-east ofPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. The place was built partially over a waterfall onBear Runin the Mill Run subdivision ofStewart Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania, in theLaurel Highlandsof theAllegheny Mountains.paradoxical sleep koolhaasName rapid eye movementment Lucas Rem KoolhaasBorn 17-11-1944Location Rotterdam, NetherlandsEducation Architecture Association London, 1972Rem Koolhaas is a Dutch designer, architectural th eoretician, urbanist and professor.Selected Plants Netherlands Dance Theater, the Hague, 1988The Netherlands dance Theater was completed in 1987 and was before conceived in 1980. It is a Dutch Contemporary Dance Company.Nexus Housing, Fukuoka Japan, 1991This undertaking is a sum of 24 houses in the kasha District of Fukuoka, each three narratives high. distributively house has a private perpendicular courtyard that allow visible radiation and extra infinite.Im PeiName Ieoh Ming PeiBorn 26-04-1917Location Canton, ChinaEducation B. Arch. Massachu tack togetherts set up of Technology ( MIT ) , 1940M. Arch. Harvard Grad School of Design, 1946I.M. Pei is known for utilizing big, abstract signifiers and crisp, geometric designs. His glass-clad constructions seem to spring from the high tech modernist motion. Pei is popularly known for planing theRock and Roll Hall of Famein Ohio. However, Pei is more concerned with map than theory. His plants frequently incorporate traditional Chinese symbols and edifice traditions.Selected Plants The Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Ithaca, New York, 1973TheHerbert F. Johnson Museum of Art ( The Johnson Museum ) is anart museumlocated on the northwest corner of theArts Quad on the antique campus ofCornell University. The Johnson Museum has one of the finest aggregations of art in New York State and is recognized as one of the most of import university museums in the state.Dallas City Hall, Texas, 1977Dallas City Hallis the place of Dallas municipal authorities, located at 1500 Marilla in theGovernment Districtofdowntown Dallas, Texas ( USA ) . The current edifice, the metropolis s 5th metropolis hall, was completed in 1978 and replaced theDallas Municipal Building.mies van der roheName Ludwig Mies van der RoheBorn 27-03-1886Location Aachen, GermanyEducation Worked in the office of Bruno Paul ( Berlin )Worked 4 old ages in the studio of Peter BehrensBelieving thatless is more, Mies van der Rohe designed rational, minimalist s kyscrapers that set the criterion for modernist design.Selected PlantsFarnsworth House, Plano, Illinois, 1950It is a one-room weekend retreat in a once-rural scene, located 55 stat mis ( 89km ) sou-west ofChicago s business district on a 60-acre ( 24ha ) country site, bordering the Fox River, South of the metropolis ofPlano, Illinois.decisionBased on the points, presented in the study above, we can pull our ain decisions on the pros and cons of Modernists architecture and how it has affected history. The Modernism Architecture manner has risen and fallen but hasnt wholly left our society. Even till this twenty-four hours, we can still see the influence of the modernist design on our modern-day architecture. To wrap up this study, we leave you with a quotation mark from William Morris to sum up what we have learned from Modernism. Have nil in your house that you know non to be utile or believe to be beautiful. Thank you.

Bhagavad Gita on Krishnas Teachings

5. Bhagavad Gita The story in the Bhagavad Gita with Arjuna and Krishna has many teachings of Krishna about renunciation, unselfish services, and meditation. Its also important why Arjuna doesnt want to wage contend. There are many things that Krishna tells Arjuna. wholly of this will be brought up throughout the essay. In the story Arjuna does non want to wage war. His sudden reaction is reasoned by his internal feelings for this war. Arjuna doesnt understand why he should have his family risk their lives in the war. Arjuna also does not agree with this war because he really does not like the kingdom that rules him any ways.Arjuna does not want to renounce his worldly possessions for pacification in the action. At this point in time Arjuna doesnt understand the selfless service in this action of war. Krishna appears in a bright light to Arjuna when Arjuna asked to see him. Krishna came to Arjuna to help him understand why he was being asked to wage war for the kingdom. Krishna tells Arjuna many things when they are together discussing the war. Krishna begins by telling Arjuna about the life and death cycle of a Hindus. The life and death cycle in Hinduism is base on the persons Karma.Their Karma is what decides the reincarnation process and/or being of their next body. In Hinduism the reason of the life and death cycle is to work on their Karma. Krishna then pardons that sincerely yours divine humans find peace in serving the gods. Therefore, Arjuna needs to be at peace with what Krishna and the other gods are asking of him in this war. This was to explain to Arjuna that he needs to find peace in his actions but not to renounce his worldly possessions for it. Arjuna again is struggling with allowing his family fight in this war where they could support their lives.Krishna then wants Arjuna to do this selfless service for him. Selfless service is a way of serving the gods and a good practice of Karma. Meditation is a way of arriving at selflessness. M editation helps break the rebirth and death cycle, because meditation is used to focus on achieving the divine. Krishna was able to convince Arjuna that this war was a good thing. Arjuna, subsequently spending the time with Krishna, felt reassured that his worries were for no reason and this action would help in eternity. Krishna explains his reasoning to Arjuna.Arjuna than understood his task and the teachings of Krishna. Renunciation to find peace in the action of war was one teaching of Krishna. Committing this selfless service for the gods was good for Arjunas karma was the second lesson that was taught during their meeting. The last teaching of Krishna to Arjuna was about the importance of meditation. All of Krishnas teachings to Arjuna revolved around creating a better Karma and therefore, ending the rebirth, life, and death cycle. Ending that cycle is over all goal of the Hindus religion.

Impact Of Computer Technology On Communication Essay

1. ABSTRACTTechnological development has had a strong leave-to doe with on the way familiarity communes, particularly with its acceleration in the last few centuries. From the invention of the telegraph and tele scream to the advent of the Internet, engineering science has given people tools to non only life in touch with each other, but also express their feelings and opinions to a broader audience than would otherwise have been impossible. Everything has both a positive and negative impact, and the impact of technology on the chat process also comes as mixed baggage. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the positive and negative impacts of com sender technology on communication. In this article, we would be discussing the impact of popular technological elements like netmails, telephones, cellphones etcetera on our convey of communication.INTRODUCTIONCommunication is an essential part of life. The utilization of technology endure be a great help to people in comm unicating, reducing the time it let ins. provided technology can have consequences of reducing individual-to-person interaction without the device as an intermediary.EmailElectronic mail, or email, was one of the first changes in how people use technology to spread abroad with individuals. The index to muster out information to many different people at once, without calling a meeting or requiring printing of the materials, turned into a money- and time-saving device. textual matter MessagingText messaging also has its own language, an abbreviated form of speech that has found its way into classrooms and businesses. People argon more likely to pull out their phone and start texting while sitting at the table for dinner or while having a conversation in person. The actions of texting may seem rude chthonian conventional social norms, leading to misunderstandings. flash MessagingInstant messaging has been most since the 1990s. It was primarily used by people to communicate whi le doing prep aredness and just to keep in touch. It was texting before text messaging became affordable. Businesses realized the potential of real-time communication at the computer between employees and implemented it. Instant messaging, or IM, has allowed people to reach other people without having to use the phone.Social MediaSocial media have been a revolution in how people plan events and communicate with one another. Rather than talking to their friends in person, they can post a comment about their life. The revolution of social media has allowed people to rekindle friendships, make impudent friends and gain new interests.1. Positive Effects of engineering science on CommunicationTechnology has transformed the once big and far world into a critical global village. Thanks to technology, we now have the power to communicate with anybody on the other side of the world. The points below summarize these benefits.1.1. Keeping in TouchFor more than a century now, technological advances have brought the world closer, reservation communication across long distances easier. Telegrams are faster than letters phone calls, in turn, are faster than telegrams, as well as easier and more pleasant, since they require no go-between and allow users to hear each others voice. Cell phones take this one step further, allowing people to call and speak with each other regardless of their location. Online communication of all types is the or so efficient yet, with email being a near-instantaneous version of the paper letter webcams, p circulariseed with communication programs such as Skype, iChat or Google VideoChat, make it possible to see the person you are speaking with rather than just hear his voice.1.2. Doing BusinessThe same technological advances that have simplified and improved personal communication have also had the same salutary effects on business. Communication between colleagues is near-instantaneous whether they are a few rooms or a few countries apart video conferencing allows companies to have workers separated around the globe while but still hold efficient meetings and discussions business networking is made easier by social media and online networks designed specifically for that purpose, such as LinkedIn. Perhaps approximately importantly, companies can expand beyond their local market and gain a wider customer base simply by maintaining an active online presence.1.3. Overcoming DisabilitiesTechnology has both improved communication for disabled people and made it possible where it previously wasnt. Hearing aids boost the hearing of partially deaf people, making it easier to understand speech, while cochlear implants restore hearing to the completely deaf. Speech-generating devices give people with severe speech impairments a way to express themselves perhaps the most famous user of such a device is scientist Stephen Hawking. Further advances in technology may result in functional brain-computer interface systems, restori ng the ability to communicate to people who have lost it entirely, such as sufferers of locked-in syndrome.1.4 Reaching a Broader AudienceAs peoples ability to communicate improves, the reach of their messages widens. This can be especially important in politics and activism. For instance, photos and video recorded c overtly through a cell phone can be speedily and easily shared online through websites such as YouTube, making it harder for oppressive regimes to keep control social networks such as Facebook and Twitter can be used to organize and coordinate meetings and protests. The Egyptian revolution of 2011-2012 was spurred greatly by social media.2. The Negative Effects of Technology on Communication2.1. Privacy communication via computers can help people bridge large geographical gaps and access remote information, but doing so may open up a persons privacy more than he might want. With an in-person meeting or phone conversation, there is a relative assurance that details of t hose exchanges pull up stakes remain private. However, with email, text messaging or message boards, there is a record of what people say. Information is not just thrown out into the air like speech, but it stored as a permanent record. There is an inherent danger when third parties can access these online conversations. Similarly, social networks and other Internet-based communication tools are vulnerable to privacy breach, as users often engage in these activities on public networks, leaving personal information, potentially, out in the open.2.2. MisinterpretationThe fact that most communication taking place on computers comes in the form of text can actually be a negative in terms of our ability to understand things clearly. Even with email, it is possible for information to be misconstrued or the emotion of a statement to be missed. Saying thanks a lot to person in an e-mail message, for instance, could be used to genuinely relay gratitude. On the other hand, it could indicate a negative feeling of someone being put in a tough position. The context clues that a person provides with their body language and tone of voice are lost in this scenario. Users get around some of this confusion by using emoticons keyboard characters that serve as a shorthand for mood and feeling but a great deal of cultivation can be missed without seeing how someone reacts with their body language and voice.2.3 DependencySocietys dependency on computers for communication is also a dangerous game, as outside forces can prevent communication in a variety of ways. Earthquakes, floods and hurricanes have caused various slowdowns and stoppages of Internet connectivity for people all over the world. Additionally, reliance on social networks and email can have the unintended consequence of opening a person up to identify theft attempts and email scams. Even the outside force of political unrest can threaten a users ability to communicate, as the 2011 demonstrations in Cairo and Libyar esulted in government shutdowns of the Internet, drastically curtailing each countrys ability to communicate, both nationally and internationally.2.4. Impact on childrenThe minds of children are like blank pages. As we do that the generation of this era has a high level of dexterity. Their elevated cleverness allows them to fill those pages very fast with the provided information. Such information can be extracted not only from books and other educational materials but also from games, TV shows and texting. . Now, more and more people are interacting with others through different platforms like apps, role-playing online games, social networks, etc. This advancement has hampered the physical interaction skills of many children. due to that they dont know how to interact with others when they meet them in-person or what gesture they should carry. A bound use of gadgets can be sooner useful for children as it will allow them to be up to date with the current technology. However, the overuse of these advancements can very hamper or even damage their development in the personal growth, communication and educational department.2.5 Elevated ExasperationThese days, children indulge themselves in internet, games or texting. These activities have affected their psyche negatively, consequently leading to increased frustration. Now they get frustrated whenever they are take ined to do anything while playing games or using internet. For instance, when their parents ask them to take the trash out, they get furious instantly. This behavior has shattered many parent-children relationships.2.6. Deteriorated PatiencePatience is a very precious virtue and its scarcity could shake off a persons Will. Determination is a necessity that comes with patience and without it no individual can survive the hardships of life. According to studies, tolerance in children is vanishing quite increasingly due to the improper use of technology. For example, children get frustrated quickly when they surf internet and the page they want to view takes time to load.2.7. Declining Writing SkillsDue to the excessive usage of online chatting and shortcuts, the writing skills of todays young generation have declined quite tremendously. These days, children are relying more and more on digital communication that they have totally forgot about improving their writing skills. They dont know the spelling of different words, how to use grammar properly or how to do longhand writing.CONCLUSIONWhile technology did make communications faster and easier, it has also made, at times, communication more distracting and less clear.With any technological innovation and use of computer, communication issues of privacy, trust, security, and social control have been raised as computers have become more pervasive.. As you can see, the impact is both positive and negative. But logically thinking, technology has bettered the communication process and has done negligible harm. The positive poin ts of the technological advancements cover up the negative points. It all depends on how we use these means use the technological means of communication for sane purposes, and dont abuse them for malicious motivesREFERENCES1. Kiesler, S., Siegel, J., McGuire, T. W. (1984). Social psychological aspects of computer- arbitrate communication. American Psychologist, 39(10), 1123-1134 2 Smilowitz, M., Compton, C. D., & Flint, L. (1988). The effect of computer mediated communication on an individuals judgement A study based on the methods of Aschs social influence experiment. Computers in Human Behavior, 4,311-321. 3 freeman, S.C. and L.C. Freeman 1979 The networkers network a study of the impact of a new communications medium on sociometric structure. Social Science Research Reports, No. 46. University of California,Irvine. 4 Tanis, M. (2003). Cues to identity in Computer Mediated Communication. The impact on Person Perception and Subsequent Interaction Outcomes. Thesis University of Am sterdam. Enschede Print Partners Ipskamp.

Of Romeo and Juliet

anfernee simon According to Duff Brenna, both literature shows us the power of emotion. It is emotion, not reason, which motivates characters in literature. This is demonstrated in The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet and Of Mice and Men. Human beings are often driven by their emotions or passions. Sometimes their actions defy sound reason or judg handst. However, due to the emotions that the individuals might be experiencing at that time, their initial response is usually impulsive.I agree Duff Brenna in her assessment of how characters in literature are prompt by their raging emotions and not by reason, common sense or wisdom. One cannot merely act upon how they feel, especially if those emotions are invalidatings. Negatives emotions, if acted upon, will lead to negative actions whereas positive emotions will leads to positive actions. In the play, Romeo and Juliet, The Capulets and The Montegues hated each others families. The literary term I used to beaver describe the story is i rony.The irony in the story was that the two families were feuding and the two cross lovers fell in love. The main character in the story that relates to my reading material of the quote by Brenna is Romeo. Romeo was a teenaged Capulet. He was tall with dark brown eyes. Romeo killed other people and bought poison to kill his self afterwards. For an example, Tybalt was Juliets cousin. Romeo and Tybalt were never in agreement with anything. When Romeo tried to be nice to Tybalt, Tybalt got aggressive and attacked him. That behavior resulted in Romeos killing of Tybalt.There are many themes that are represented in the story Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck. The theme that I will focus on is idealism. The two main characters of this novel, George and Lennie, always dreamed on having a dream farm. Lennie loved to play with any animal that had soft hair. The story consisted of mice, rabbits and a dog. That dream that they had doesnt get fulfilled because George killed Lennie. George kil led Lennie because Lennie had a mental disorder. It was Georges responsibility to take care of him. Lennie was just too much for George to handle, so George had no choice to kill him.Everybody in the story realized that the two men werent going anywhere in life. For an example, Crook expresses his doubt about the dream. Nobody ever gets into heaven and nobody gets any land. Crook is simply referring not only to literal ownership, but the dream of contentment about what these simple men fantasize. John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men revealed the dreams as well as the intentness that these two men experienced in their lives. The actions of the characters in The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet and Of Mice and Men were motivated by their emotions and not by reason.Duff Brenna is accurate in her statement that All literature shows us the power of emotion. It is emotion, not reason, which motivates characters in literature. Romeo in Romeo and Juliet and George in Of Mice and Men both committed actions based upon the negative emotions that they were experiencing. Had they given much mentation to the emotions that they were feeling and had they applied sound reason, I am convinced that their actions would have been different and so would the overall stories of the books.

Is Regeneration an Anti-war Novel? Essay

Opposition gives definition said Heraclitus in 6th century BC (Graham). If that was true, in twenty-first century hatful be given definition by the usage of the prefix anti-. Therefore, an anti- war novel is one, which opposes all form of aggressive competition. Regeneration by Pat Barker is one of the plentiful novels inspired by the atrocious events of the First World War. Barkers book does not focus on portraying combats and stratagems. On the contrary, it portrays in detail the psychic and physical consequences of the war. Regeneration is an anti-war novel, which touches upon the appalling harm done by warf are and the following recovery process. Barker condemns war and her disallow attitude is displayed by her complex, credible characters and weighed polish up emphasis on consequences.Description of both mental and physical war injuries tags every(prenominal) chapter of the novel, thus raise the reviewers sympathy. Barker aims to create a picture of the real circumsta nces during that period. Both by imaginary and real characters she succeeds in creating the solemn and discouraging mood in Craiglockheart. The introduction of the patients of the hospital (Prior, Anderson, destroy and Campbell) arises sympathy in the reader. Each of them has his own misfortune caused by war, which would probably mark his life forever. They would neer be able to continue their ordinary lives and would have to get used to new habits. The tragic fates of these patients mis even out the reader indeed sympathetic.Barker uses the fates of her character to express in a hidden voice her negative attitude towards the war, thus provoking anti-war feelings in the reader. In addition, Barker uses other very interesting techniques to represent the awful publications of war on human psychology representation of nightmares, dreams and hallucinations. For example, such a act is the imaginary meeting, which Sassoon has with his friend Orme in Chapter 13 from part two.Sassoon wakes up to find Orme standing immediately at heart the door, besides then he remembered that Orme was dead (Barker 143). This episode represents another(prenominal) aspect of the war effect grief for all the lost friends, relatives and comrades. In that particular episode, Barker also implies the idea that Ormes calamity is a wake-up call from the dead, delivered by one of them and reminding silently of what Sassoon is delicately trying to forget. With its emotional shade the facet once again makes the reader sympathetic. As a whole, the description of the damage caused to patients, both mental and physical, makes the reader sympathetic. That sympathy in turn, promotes another attitude anti-war attitude.In the novel not only physical and mental injuries are depicted, but also social ones. The social full terms are curved by war. Society puts restrictions on the individual. Any form of protest is forbidden and all those who dare object are condemned conchies, cowards, shirke rs, scrimshankers and degenerates (Barker 4). The novel begins with Sassoons bold Declaration. As the plot unfolds, it becomes evident that his ideas are entirely justified but rejected. The government pronounces him mentally ill and silences him in a mental hospital. By censuring Sassoons protest, the country prevents another upcoming remonstrance. Also, nerve of sexuality is confined in the night club.At that sentence homosexuals would not be accepted in the army. When Sassoon implies his homosexuality during one of his sances with Rivers, the doctor warns him. Even though Rivers really feels sympathy for Sassoons unfortunate state of affairs in the prejudiced society, he tells him that he must face the reality he lives in. The doctor explains that society could become more accepting in the future, but it is not managely that any movement towards greater tolerance would persist in wartime (Barker 204).He implies that it is not possible for a single man to diversity the worl d and make it look from another angle. Rivers also states its time for Sassoon to grow up and start subsisting in the real world, whether or not he agrees (Barker 205). The purpose of his words is to convince Sassoon that if he admits his sexuality this would worsen his present situation even more. Moreover, through Priors character another social restriction that is denounced censorship. During wartime there is no privacy at all I censored it every week. We read all their letters. (Barker 131). Also, soldiers are never told if their letters have arrived. They are kept like prisoners on the front line with their homes and loved ones far away. By depicting all of these social restrictions from the war time Barker maintains the anti-war mood throughout the novel.Furthermore, by the end of the novel Rivers convictions shift and he realizes how unjust the war is, how awful and long-lasting the consequences are, thus contributing to the peak of the readers anti-war certainty. The idea of unjust war is implied through Rivers change. In the beginning his ultimate goal is to see all of his patients return to the front in good health, prepared to fight once again for their country. However, because of some events Rivers starts to question wars justification and realizes that he sends his patients to an almost certain death. The culmination of his anti-war conviction is when he witnesses Burns dire condition Nothing justifies this. Nothing nothing nothing (Barker 180).Furthermore, the doctor confirms his fears when he goes to observe Yeallands methods. As he watches Callans treatment Rivers is horrified He couldnt bare to go on watching. He looked down at the okays of his clasped hands (Barker 232). After that episode Rivers considers the differences between himself and Yealland and for his horror realizes that they are the same.In Chapter 14 his thoughts are released Obviously he and Yealland were both in the business of controlling people. Each of them fitted youn g men back into role of warrior (Barker 238). At that point Rivers understands that instead of curing his patients he actually breaks them down. Even though his methods are less severe than Yeallands, the effect is the same. To a certain extent Rivers is violating his patients rights because of war. All of these examples portray how Barker gradually, but effectively builds the anti-war suggestion in Regeneration.Barkers novel Regeneration is an anti-war book because it provides a unusual possibility to the contemporary reader to dive into the depths of a war that had irrevocable effects on soldiers mentality. The beginnings personal attitude is expressed by her characters behavior and destiny in the society. She aims to remind people of what effects the war had on previous generations and warn them, so that the same mistake does not occur. depart it?

Prophet Muhammad the Ideal Character of Human Being

pic Today sensation in wholly(prenominal) five persons of the world believes Muhammad (pbuh) as the last messenger of Allah (pbuh) and millions of another(prenominal)s be continuing to wear off testimony to this fact.. Yaqeen ul Haq Ahmad Sikander writes. Ever since dawn of the civilization, humans has witnessed the emergence of a large number of great people who did signifi croupet contri b arelyions in their respective palm and immortalized their names forever. Their contri scarcelyions, which they left behind, prepare been responsible for moulding the intellect of the people into the fashion of their educations.The Teachings of Buddha, Jesus, Confucius, Ashoka, Aristotle, Plato, etc even at once have an avid influence upon the lives of masses glob on the fully. and among all these great people, only Muhammad (pbuh) possessed the intimately distinguished and determined personality. Across the centuries Across the centuries millions and billions of people have lived t heir lives loving Muhammad (pbuh) and following his principles and engineerlines in every sphere of life. No unmatchable other than Muhammad (pbuh) in the history has been so much adored and followed.Today one in every five persons of the world believes Muhammad (pbuh) as the last messenger of Allah (pbuh) and millions of others are continuing to bear testimony to this fact. He was the one who brought has billions of people from wickedness of ignorance to light. He brought peace and set of ideals to countless patrol wagon and lives. He is the inspiration for countless people over the globe. Even today Muhammad (pbuh) motivates and induces whole masses to sift to shape their lives according to his teachings.Indeed never before in the history has anyone influenced humankind up to such consummation as Muhammad (pbuh) did even beyond his death. Thats why Quran rightly tells Muhammad (pbuh) to proclaim that He is the mercy for all nations which clearly depicts the universality of h is mission. The Quran mentions And We sent you not (O Muhammad), but as a mercy to all the worlds. (Al Quran 21107). Among all the great emerged lives, only Muhammad (pbuh) was nigh influential and successful and both Religious and Secular levels and this make Michael. H.Hart, an American Mathematician, Historian and an Astronomer to put Him on the No. 1 in the list of the glide by coke men which he quoted in his world-famous book The Hundred. And the Argument that he puts forth for it is as follows Since there are roughly twice the latest estimate is that there are more than one thousand million Muslims in the world and one thousand two hundred million Christians as more Christians in the world, it may initially seem strange that Muhammad has been ranked higher than Jesus. There are two principal reasons for that decision.First, Muhammad played a removed more important role in the cultivation of Islam than Jesus did in the development of Christianity. Although Jesus was resp onsible for the main ethical and good precepts of Christianity (in so far as these differed from Judaism), St. Paul was the main developer of Christian theology, its principal proselytizer, and the author of a large portion of the natural Testament. Muhammad, however, was responsible for both the theology of Islam and its main ethical and deterrent example principles. In addition, he played the account role in proselytizing the new faith and in establishing the religious practices of Islam. Michael H. Hart in his book THE 100? pages 38-39) Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) the only answer In the words of Maulana Wahiduddin Khan, Humankind needs a set of moral principles having universal validity as well as a accepted personality in which these moral principles are exemplified. The Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) is the only answer to this question. He proclaimed the ethics that bear the stamp of overlord authenticity, and is, moreover, a model of perfect conduct and acknowledgment for all m ankind. In bodily appearance he lived in this world, but, spiritually, he was on a different plane.It was the exemplary life of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and his empyrean teachings that even made the non-Muslims bear testimony to the greatness of Muhammad (pbuh). Some of the verdicts of Non-Muslims on Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) that I have compiled from various sources are He must be called the Savior of humanity I believe that if a man like him were to assume the dictatorship of the modern world, he would succeed in solving its problems in a way that would put down it much needed peace and happiness. (The Genuine Islam, Singapore, Vol. 1, No. X 1936). Mohammed was the most successful of all religious personalities. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th edition). Muhummad was the soul of kindness, and his influence was felt and never forgotten by those around him. (Diwan Chand Sharma, The Prophets of the East, Calcutta 1935, p. 122). Four years after the death of Justinian, A. D. 569, was born at Makkah, in Arabia the man who, of all men exercised the greatest influence upon the human race Mohammed (John William Draper, A history of the lntellectual development of Europe,- capital of the United Kingdom 1875). By a fortune absolutely unique in history, Mohammed is a threefold founder of a nation, of an empire, and of a religion. (R. Bosworth-Smith, Mohammed and Mohammedanism- 1946). So the Quran rightly says to the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) that, And have We not raised high the esteem in which) thou (O Muhammad are held) (Al Quran 944). Exemplary Character Muhammad (pbuh)s character was indeed exemplary for whole of the humankind. Before his death, the whole of the Arabian Peninsula was already under the rule of Islam.He could have easily led a very luxurious life in High palaces and could have enjoyed every pleasure of life and this world. But instead of this, he led a very simple and austere life and created a scoop up example for the generations to come. He used to do his work himself. It is narrated in various Hadith the Muhammad (pbuh) used to draw his goat, mend his clothes, do household work and repair his shoes and visited the sick. All his companions loved him excessively but he forbade them to even getting up for him as a sign of respect. He brought a real revolution to the whole humanity and it was the transformation of the hearts.His companions who loved him more than anything else, were once his most staunch enemies but his eminent character transformed them to such an extent that they even gave up their lives for the sake of Islam. Muhammad (pbuh) brought masses from darkness to light. He was from a rich family that enjoyed highest status in Arabia but because of Islam, he suffered from worst persecutions and painful torment and sufferings. On a certain occasion, his uncle Abu Talib requested him to stop the discussion of Islam and for that he was offered the highest status of a brain and a lot of material wealth.But to this Muhammad (pbuh) gave a very sincere answer. he replied, I swear by the name of idol, O Uncle , that if they place the sun in my right-hand and the moon in my left-hand in return for giving up this matter (calling people to Islam), I leave alone never desist until every God makes it triumph or I perish defending it (Ibn Hesham). Such was the determination of Muhammad (pbuh). And the Quran again describing the character of Muhammad (pbuh) says that, And most certainly thou (O Muhammad) are of most sublime and exalted character (Al Quran 684).It was the tolerance and sublime character of Muhammad (pbuh) that brought huge masses into the fold of Islam and the books of Seerah (Life Of Muhammad) are full of such incidents. On the pickpocket of Makkah to the Muslims, the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) forgave even his most staunch enemies including Wahshi who on the battle on Uhud had killed the beloved uncle and cousin of Muhammad (pbuh) viz. Hamza and seeing this extraordinary behaviour o f Muhammad (pbuh), Wahshi accepted Islam and became one of the Sahabees (The Companions of Prophet Muhammad).There are so many other cases found in the books of Tafseer (exegesis) and Seerah (Life Of Muhammad) wherein Muhammad (pbuh) by his sublime character won the hearts of many including Abu Bakr (RA) and Abdullah bin salaam (RA) and many others that are considered to be the most eminent Sahabees (The Companions of Prophet Muhammad). Peaceful Preaching It was the peaceful preaching of Muhammad (pbuh) that invaded the hearts of the millions and is equable continuing to do so. It was only by the peaceful preaching of Islam that it spread to all the nooks and corners of the world.And even now Islam is the fastest growing religion of the west particularly in USA and UK where many great personalities and intellectuals like Shaykh Yusuf Estes, Hamza Yusuf, Gary Miller, Dr Bilal Philips and Yusuf Islam have accepted Islam and are spreading its peaceful message globally and as yet this is fulfilling an another prophecy of the Quran It is He (Allah) who has sent his messenger (Muhammad) with guidance and the religion of truth (Islam), that he may make it prevail over all religions, and enough is God for a witness (Al Quran 4828).Some of the sublime sayings of the Muhammad (pbuh) are as followsThe believers, in their love, mercy, and kindness to one another are like a consistency if any part of it is ill, the whole body shares its sleeplessness and fever. (Bukhari & Muslim) The most perfect of the believers in faith are the best of them in morals. And the best among them are those who are best to their wives. (Tirmidhi & Ahmad) None of you believes (completely) until he loves for his brother what he loves for himself. (Bukhari & Muslim) The merciful are given mercy by the All-Merciful. Show mercy to those on earth, and God will show mercy to you. Tirmidhi & Abu Dawud) Smiling at your brother is charity (Tirmidhi) A good word is charity. (Bukhari & Muslim) Whoever believes in God and the Last Day (the Day of Judgment) should do good to his neighbor. (Bukhari & Muslim) God does not judge you according to your appearance and your wealth, but He looks at your hearts and looks into your deeds. (Sahih Muslim) Pay the worker his wage before his sweat dries. (Ibn Majah) A man walking along a path felt very thirsty. Reaching a well, he descended into it, drank his fill, and came up. Then he saw a dog with its tongue hanging out, trying to lick up mud to quench its thirst.The man said This dog is feeling the same thirst that I felt. So he went down into the well again, filled his shoe with water, and gave the dog a drink. So, God thanked him and forgave his sins. The Prophet was asked courier of God, are we rewarded for kindness towards animals? He said There is a reward for kindness to every biography animal or human. (Bukhari & Muslim) So to conclude, Muhammad (pbuh) was bestowed by Allah with the most exemplary character. The nature of Muhammad (pbuh)s teachings is universal and is tell for all generations and times.Muhammad (pbuh) was not just a leader or statesman, but he was and he still is, the best role model for the one who seeks guidance on the path of the Lord. It is in his teachings that one can find solution to the ongoing spiritual turmoil and find an innovative solution to the problems challenging the mankind. And it is in him that every nation and generation can find its last hope and its his teachings that can bring a revival to this world and save it from the disasters of hatred, bloodshed, racism and anarchy. The path that was enlightened by Muhammad (pbuh) will guide us to the eternal path of salvation and finally Jannah.Our deviated youth only by following the teaching of Muhammad (pbuh) can excel in all fields. The west has realized this fact and thats why they are turning to Islam as its the only solution to all the problems confronting the humanity. If only our society would be shut in and based upo n the ideals and morals taught by Muhammad (pbuh), then it would bring an end to all our problems and then this world will really become a place to live in. The Quran mentions Most certainly, you have in Messenger of Allah an subtle pattern (of behaviour) (Al Quran 3321).

Overseas Education: Opportunities, Experience and Quality

Vol. 6, No. 2. ISSN 1473-8376 www. heacademy. ac. uk/hlst/resources/johlste ACADEMIC PAPER servicing bore in higher(prenominal) fosterage The find out of abroad schoolchilds Maria Pereda (deceased) David Airey (d. emailprotected ac. uk) and Marion Bennett (m. emailprotected ac. uk) Faculty of trouble and Law, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH ledger of Hospitality, Leisure, athletics and Tourism education gazump The higher procreation of savants has become increasingly world(prenominal)ised, with an evergrowing relation of students originating from everyw presentseas.However, research to date suggests that everywhereseas students atomic number 18 a nifty deal less satisfied with their mannikins than other students. Consequently, there is a burgeoning impoverishment for universities to understand what students comfort in their university generate. This report reports on a dissect that plantes and tests attri just nowes for bill return character in higher education, focusing on plenteous-feepaying high students from non-EU countries at bingle institution in the UK. The institution baffle-to doe with has a particular genius in tourism and hospitality and a signifi hind endt proportion of the respondents were studying these subjects.Adopting Lehtinen and Lehtinens 1991 framework, a Q-sort was undertaken followed by factor analysis. The results of the research highlighted 4 factors of table renovation theatrical role realisation select of instruction and interaction with energy sufficiency of resources and aspects of physical type. Arguably, the nigh significant finding here is the greatness that these students attach to their institutions theme. Keywords helper quality high education International students Maria Pereda died in May 2006 shortly after completing her PhD thesis. The period was awarded posthumously.A native of Venezuela, Maria graduated from Venezuela Central University and held an appointment at Simon Bolivar University in Caracas. She perfect her MSc at the University of Surrey in 2000, focusing on tourism and hospitality education. This paper is based on her PhD research. David Airey is Professor of Tourism Management and Pro-Vice-Chancellor at the University of Surrey. He has spent 30 years involved in tourism education in various capacities with government, with the European Commission and with universities. He is co-editor, with John kinsfolk, of the recently publish International Handbook of Tourism facts of life.Marion Bennett is Associate Lecturer in Tourism and Marketing at the University of Surrey. She has held proofreader positions since 1991 with the Universities of Strathclyde and Surrey, where her interests lay down focused on information technology and selling in relation to tourism distri simplyion, inheritance and air tran feature. Pereda, Airey and Bennett (2007) return feeling in oversea precept The Experience of abroad assimilators Introduct ion The education of full-fee-paying foreign students has become of major sizeableness for universities in Western nations, particularly in major face speaking term countries.Barron (2005 353) has suggested that international education is star of Australias largest industries and that the fees generated by international students argon serious to the budgetary health of institutions. In the UK, according to HESA (2006) and UKCOSA (2004), or so 320,000 or 13 per cent of students in 2004-2005 came from overseas, with about 10 per cent from outside the European Union (EU). This figure more than doubled from about 160,000 in 1994-1995. For some institutions, international students currently construe more than 25 per cent of their student creation (UKCOSA, 2006).The master(prenominal) countries of domicile of international students in the UK argon China (32,000 or 12 per cent) and Greece (9 per cent), with at least a further 20 countries every(prenominal) providing more than 2,500 students. As far as tourism is concerned, equivalent contribute figures (UCAS, 2006) suggest that overseas students represent about 16 per cent of acceptances onto programmes, rising from 11 per cent in 1996. Clearly this level of enrolment has represented a major opportunity for institutions, particularly at a time when public funding for higher education has been constrained but it has overly presented challenges.Barron (2005 355) has pointed to the extent to which to the highest degree(prenominal) universities have designated international departments responsible for marketing and recruitment, but goes on to highlight the need to ensure that such(prenominal) students are properly supported after arrival, providing evidence to suggest that this does non al slipway happen, school principaling to foiling and disappointment. A recent report by the high study Policy Institute (Bekhradnia et al. , 2006) confirms this, suggesting that non-EU overseas respondents were int imately less satisfied than others with the value for bills received on their course.Against this assg fill in, it is clearly definitive for universities to understand what students value in their university experience, including those from overseas. It has been common practice for many years for higher education institutions to raise opportunities for students to evaluate their acquire and t separatelying method experience, typically in the form of end-of-semester or end-of-course evaluations. Many institutions also gain feedback from students about go such as the depository program library or computing.A recent addition to these information sources in the UK has been the National student Survey (NSS), which focuses on learning and belief experiences. However, surveys of the overall experience or overall quality have been more rare (Aldridge and Rowley, 1998). This paper reports on a study (Pereda, 2006) that was designed to establish and test dimensions for measuring ser vice quality in higher education, with specific reference to students following postgraduate taught programmes for master distributor points, over champion year, from countries outside the EU.Many of these were following programmes in tourism and hospitality. Specifically, the study aimed to identify from the literature leash dimensions of service quality (physical, synergetic and corporative), which were then clear with a Qsort. This provided the basis for a survey of 330 students at one institution in the UK, designed to measure their views of the quality of service received. This provides insights into the items that students value in their educational experience at this institution.It also provides a basis for redefining the dimensions of service quality. do quality for international students The migration of international students is by no means a new phenomenon. Schachner (1962 25), for example, refers to the students in medieval times who poured in an increasing climax to the fondnesss where they could literally sit at the feet of the great teachers and absorb wisdom. To some extent, the search for knowledge body an pregnant driver for international ovement in education today, but, in other ways, motives, influences and indeed origin and destination countries have changed radically. During the most recent and biggest expanding upon of international education, the USA, UK and Australia have become the main destination countries and the countries of conspiracy East Asia have joined those of Europe as large providers of students. The search for knowledge has been joined by a range of other daybook of Hospitality, Leisure, swordplay and Tourism education 6(2), 55 67 56Pereda, Airey and Bennett (2007) divine service Quality in overseas fosterage The Experience of Overseas Students factors in driving this growth. These include the marketing campaigns of receiver universities the perceived value of a foreign degree in terms of employment enh ancement or snob value the absence of sufficient university places at stem government policy in relation to student fees and more extraneous factors such as opportunities for emigration (Pereda, 2006).As far as several(prenominal) institutions are concerned, Allen and Higgins (1994), from a study of 82 institutions in the UK, report that the most significant factors for international students when selecting a university were academician record, course content and entry requirements. But perhaps the biggest change, driven in part by the need for Western universities to maintain numbers of international students, particularly where these pay full tuition fees, has been the recognition of such students as an big market that needs to be satisfied in an increasingly warlike world.Wright and ONeill (2002), for example, point to the extent to which an assessment of students perspectives has become a crucial requirement if universities are to confront competitive. More than 20 years ago, Glisan (1984) highlighted the special interest in overseas students, while Mortimer (1997) emphasised the need to examine and understand the decision- do process undertaken by these students and for institutions to respond to their needs.To this extent, universities have become increasingly involved in defining service quality and measuring customer satisfaction in ways that are old(prenominal) to service marketing specialists (Gronroos, 1984 Kotler, 1985), who themselves were development measures of service quality from the 1980s. As noned by Patterson et al. (1998) and Conant et al. (1985), the most important customers, namely students and their parents, and the university providers have progressively changed towards a customer service orientation.Against this background, there has been a rapid expansion in the literature about this aspect of service quality. However, the way in which it has typically developed by identifying the attributes from consultation with the st udents and then evaluating these (Bourke, 1997 Gatfield et al. , 1999 Joseph, 1998 Thompson and Thompson, 1996) has meant that there has been a great diversity and lack of consistency in methodological strategies and in the variables employed to assess the service quality (Leonard et al. , 2003).Some researchers in education have used SERVQUAL, which is the most popular model to measure service quality, sometimes specifically adapted for the education sector (Wright and ONeill, 2002 Gatfield, 2000). Orr (2000) place five groups of organisational determinants of success in the provision of fee-paying graduate courses. Pate (1993) split the literature on student satisfaction into three perspectives psychological- salubriousness-type satisfaction ( associated to personal characteristics) job-type satisfaction (related to future aspirations) and consumertype satisfaction (related to daily experience).However, the worldwide figure of speech is of a profusion and indeed a confusion of measured variables, some replicated across different studies, others unequalled to a particular study. In an initial attempt to understand the underlying patterns of service quality variables from these former studies in higher education, a framework proposed by Lehtinen and Lehtinen (1991) was used. The framework was considered to offer a useful preliminary exam way to structure information relating to education as a service.Lehtinen and Lehtinen separately identified three dimensions of service quality the physical quality ( twain products and support) the interactional quality (interaction between consumer and service provider) and the corporative quality (the image). Using these three dimensions, some 24 studies specifically related to quality in higher education were reviewed to establish whether these dimensions could be identified from the variables considered in earlier studies of higher education. For a dimension to exist it had to be include in more than three studies (Ekinci and Riley, 2001).The results and the studies are given in Table 1. From this it is clear that the physical quality dimension (general service, teaching and learning facilities, accommodation) and the interactive quality dimension (academic instruction, guidance, interaction with rung and students) are closely include in the existing studies. The corporative quality dimension (recognition, reputation, value for money) is also present, but is less fully cover and mainly appears in papers concerned with marketing orientation (Bourke, 1995 Wilkinson, 1993). Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, cavort and Tourism reproduction 6(2), 55 67 7 Pereda, Airey and Bennett (2007) Service Quality in Overseas pedagogy The Experience of Overseas Students Study (author year) Mavondo et al. , 2004 Wiers-Jenssen, 2003 Wright and ONeill, 2002 Elliot and Shin, 2002 Wiers-Jenssen et al. , 2002 Clemes et al. , 2001 Gatfield, 2000 Oldfield and Baron, 2000 Gatfield et al. , 1999 Ford et al. , 1999 Patterson et al. , 1998 Joseph, 1998 Aldridge and Rowley, 1998 Athiyaman, 1997 Bourke, 1997 Tomkovick et al. , 1996 Soutar and McNeil, 1996 Rogers and Smith, 1993 Hampton, 1993 Lapidus and Brown, 1993 Stewart, 1991 Ortinau et al. 1989 Polcyn, 1986 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Physical quality X Interactive quality X X X X X X X X X X X X X Corporative quality 22 22 8 Table 1 high Education Evaluation Matrix Physical quality general function, teaching and learning facilities, accommodation Interactive quality academic instruction, guidance, interaction with staff and students Corporative quality recognition, reputation, value for money This study focused specifically on students from non-EU countries following postgraduate taught programmes.The fact that they are some(prenominal) international and postgraduate identifies them as a particular segment of the student market, and, as noned, it is one that has been showing significant growth and fee-earning potential. In many ways, their needs and solutions are similar to those of other students but in significant ways they are also different. For example, as international students, the 2004 study by UKCOSA (2004) reasond that twain postgraduates and undergraduates showed high levels of satisfaction with their academic experience (87 per cent), lthough, at 91 per cent, the undergraduates were rather more positive than their postgraduate counterparts at 85 per cent. This broad similarity is reflected in the other items included in the UKCOSA survey, with a famous exception that, at 85 per cent, undergraduates were more likely than postgraduates (65 per cent) to be offered university housing at the beginning of their stay. opposite differences identified in the literature (Pereda, 2006) are that postgraduates are likely already to have been exposed to academic life, are older, with more work experience and experience of living independently.International stud ents have similar issues to their domestic counterparts but additionally they face some specific issues, the most commonly cited existence knowledge of English, inadequate monetary resources, well-disposed adjustment, problems of daily living, loneliness and homesickness (Kennedy, 1995 Wilkinson, 1993 Burns, 1991 Samuelowicz, 1987). These, combined with the fact that they, or their families, are normally paying full fees, may partly explain the extent to which they are more critical of their experience and more demanding (Pereda, 2006). The study by the Higher Education Policy Institute (Bekhradnia et al. 2006) relating to English Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education 6(2), 55 67 58 Pereda, Airey and Bennett (2007) Service Quality in Overseas Education The Experience of Overseas Students universities showed that nearly 30 per cent of such students found their courses represented poor value for money compared with 15 per cent of home and EU students. The fa ct that this study relates to this particular segment provides information about an important group, but the extent to which the results can be related to all international students or to students in general needs to be tempered by these differences.Methodology Having reached a point of identifying from the literature the ingredients of and preliminary structure for service quality in higher education, the research strategy was developed to identify statements and dimensions that would capture the students experiences of service quality and to measure these at a particular institution with a large cohort of international students. The students included in the survey were all from non-EU countries taking taught master degree courses, typically over one year, in different aspects of management.Admittedly, this approach contains limitations, being confined to particular students studying a particular group of courses at one institution. The advantage of this approach was partly one of convenience and logistics, but also that it permitted the identification of a sufficiently large and coherent group of students with more or less similar experiences, hence avoiding differences between institutions, subjects, ages and experience. The institution concerned is based in the South of England and achieved university status in the 1960s. It has a strong research reputation as well as strong links with the world of work.Specifically for this study it has a long-standing and strong international reputation for hospitality and tourism education. It regularly ranks as one of the leading centres both for teaching and research in these areas, and is one of only cardinal institutions in the UK accredited by the UN World Tourism Organisation. It has a development reputation for other management programmes, with recent accreditations by the American body, the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of line of products (AACSB) and the Association of MBAs (AMBA), placing it a mong leading business schools.For more than 20 years it has attracted a large number of international students, and currently more than 90 per cent of its postgraduate students in management are from outside the UK. A dedicated international office provides specific support for these international students. The fieldwork was organised into two main parts. First, a Q-sort was used to establish the validity of the three dimensions and to establish statements related to the dimensions.A selection of these statements was then used both to explore the response of international students to their experience and to conduct an explorative factor analysis, which ultimately identified four factors of service quality. Q-technique has its origins in the work of Stephenson (1935 1953) and provides researchers with a systematic and pronouncely means for identifying the dimensions of subjective phenomena from the viewpoints and experiences of individuals. In brief, it attempts to exchange subjec tive responses into measurable dimensions, which can then be formally evaluated by statistical applications.To this extent it is a preliminary method. It makes the study of human subjectivity amenable to objective analysis, hence combining the strengths of both quantitative and qualitative research (Sexton et al. , 1998). This versatile procedure is well suited to cases where the existence of concepts has not been found (Ekinci and Riley, 2001). The evaluation of students experiences comes into this category and was used here as a first step. Stergiou (2004) had earlier, and for similar reasons, followed this approach in relation to students views about teaching.The Q-sort was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, a bank of statements was created to represent the dimensions suggested by Lehtinen and Lehtinen (1991). The initial set of statements was generated from preceding questionnaires in the area of higher education, including unpublished dissertations (Leonard et al. , 2003), as well as from discussions with researchers in related areas. An initial pilot test was conducted with five subjects in order to suppress the instructions and any wording problems with the statements that Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education 6(2), 55 67 9 Pereda, Airey and Bennett (2007) Service Quality in Overseas Education The Experience of Overseas Students were generated. For the first Q-sort, a issue forth of 104 statements were used, related to physical quality (34 statements), interactive quality (38 statements) and corporative quality (32 statements). Respondents for the study were confined to students enrolled in a postgraduate programme at the researchers university for at least one semester. The experience in the university is a staple fibre requirement to evaluate the service.The Q-sort was completed by a score of 30 students from 28 different countries, including two from the UK, six from other EU countries and 22 from other parts of the world. These students were asked to sort the statements, which had been printed onto separate cards, into the three dimensions and then, for each group of statements, to classify them into most important (the kind of service you would expect to have) least important and not relevant. In order to qualify, a statement needed to be allocated to the very(prenominal) heading by at least 60 per cent of the sample (Ekinci and Riley, 2001 Hinkin and Schriesheim, 1989) and a minimum f four dependant statements was required to validate the existence of a dimension. The result of this Q-sort was a set of 85 validated statements distributed as follows physical quality 38 interactive quality 29 corporative quality 18. For the second Q-sort, in order to have a better balanced representation among the three dimensions, the best 20 statements that obtained a degree of consensus of 70 per cent or more were used for the first two dimensions, physical quality and interactive quality.However, further adjustments were also made both to avoid omitting likely determinants of student satisfaction for example, library services and to remove statements that essentially had the same meaning. For corporative quality, which only achieved 18 validated statements, three of which did not reach the cut-off of 70 per cent, five new statements were added. Hence, the second Q-sort took place with 60 statements, 20 related to each dimension.The respondents for this second round were 30 non-British full-fee-paying students enrolled on PhD (12) and master (18) degree programmes in different departments of the university. They were asked to sort the cards in the same way as in the first Q-sort. The output from this round was a set of 59 validated statements. One item was rejected from corporative quality. The second stage of the study involved further exploration of the statements to establish how they impacted on student views of the quality of service provided and how well they confirm ed the existence of the three dimensions.For this, a research instrument was implemented with students taking taught postgraduate master level programmes at the institution. The final response was from 330 students taking a range of programmes in management and related areas. Eighty-four of these were on programmes related to hospitality and tourism, although it should be noted that this underestimates such students because a number of them identified themselves as studying management, omitting to touch on their particular specialism. All were overseas students paying full fees.The research instrument was distributed personally in border 2005, in most cases at the end of classes, and self-completed in the researchers presence. Forty statements in total were used from the second Q-sort to measure student views of the quality of service. Fifteen of these related to physical quality, 11 to interactive quality and 14 to corporative quality. The statements are given in Table 2. Physica l quality The gardens and open areas on the campus are unbroken clean Students rooms are provided ith adequate internet connections The classrooms have up-to-date teaching support equipment The university has modern computers with the latest programmes Student accommodation is safe The university has sufficient residential accommodation The library has a wide range of book and periodicals in my area of studies The rooms in the student residential accommodation are comfortable Mean 5. 22 5. 14 5. 10 5. 06 4. 66 4. 66 4. 57 4. 55 SD 1. 17 1. 90 1. 05 1. 30 1. 31 1. 41 1. 51 1. 28 Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education 6(2), 55 67 60Pereda, Airey and Bennett (2007) Service Quality in Overseas Education The Experience of Overseas Students Adequate printer facilities are available The campus computers are sufficient for the student population The communal areas in each student residence are adequate for the number of students The university has plenty of sports fa cilities The sport centre offers modern equipment The university offers modern accommodation at affordable prices The university provides adequate parking areas for students Interactive quality My course is intellectually challenging Staff react politely to students queries It is easy to make friends on campus The administrative staff are helpful Lecturers stick critical analysis There are clear and reasonable requirements for each module Lecturers can be easily contacted individually It is easy to get involved in campus social organisations Lecturers have adequate time for consultation Feedback from coursework is adequate It is easy to interact with local students Corporative quality The university takes the lead in research A degree from this university improves my employment prospects The university maintains links with international education networks A degree from this university is well recognised internationally The university is well recognised for the academic programmes T he university offers a high quality of teaching performance The ranking of my school is high Graduates from this university achieve considerable success in finding refined employment A degree from this university has an excellent reputation in my home acres The university maintains excellent links with local industry The university has contacts ith international employers The university has been extensively recommended by my friends in my home country Lecturers in my home country recommended this university to me There are excellent links between my home country and this university Table 2 Students views of the quality of service provided 7= strongly agree 1= strongly disagree 4. 85 4. 85 4. 70 4. 69 4. 66 4. 57 4. 57 4. 45 4. 32 4. 23 4. 18 3. 92 3. 84 3. 45 1. 04 1. 02 1. 16 1. 14 1. 20 1. 17 1. 32 1. 20 1. 38 1. 33 1. 29 1. 37 1. 48 1. 30 5. 02 4. 71 4. 70 4. 60 4. 56 4. 55 4. 48 4. 35 4. 28 4. 23 3. 62 1. 04 1. 19 1. 23 1. 32 1. 19 1. 10 1. 19 1. 28 1. 22 1. 12 1. 50 4. 43 4. 31 4. 29 4. 20 4. 17 3. 94 3. 70 1. 38 1. 41 1. 45 1. 36 1. 32 1. 33 1. 48A seven-point Likert home plate was used for this purpose, and respondents were asked to indicate the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with the statements relating to their experience. The instrument also collected data on satisfaction, value for money and demographics. These are not reported here. The analysis included the preparation of descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations against various independent variables, and exploratory factor analysis with Varimax rotation. An Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education 6(2), 55 67 61 Pereda, Airey and Bennett (2007) Service Quality in Overseas Education The Experience of Overseas Students overall Cronbach alpha coefficient of . 875, results from more than three hundred respondents, a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy of more than . 0 and the Bartletts test results all gave support that the set of data was adequate for f actor analysis, with a factor loading of . 35. Results and discussion The students views on the quality of service provided under the three dimensions are given in Table 2. These, together with the reasons for enrolling in the particular programme presented in Table 3, provide an indication of the elements of service quality that are of importance to these international students. The reputation and content, including the English language provision, of the programme are clearly important to the students in making their decisions about where to study. Reason Degree accepted internationally English language spoken Content of the courseReputation of this university back home Facilities Entry requirement Getting an offer of a place Influence of friends/family Know someone studying there Degree not available at home Scholarship award champions decision Level of fees Difficulty of getting into university at home Table 3 Reasons for enrolling No (n=308) 184 152 142 103 91 63 62 54 52 52 4 2 19 13 11 The most important finding of the research to be reported here was that the factor analysis did not entirely support the structure proposed by Lehtinen and Lehtinen. Indeed, as set out in Table 4, four dimensions are identified, and of these, calculate 1 is by far the most important, accounting for the largest proportion of the variance (34 per cent), with eigenvalues great than 3. 00 (6. 156).This factor includes a group of statements related to research, rigour and reputation, and is labelled here recognition. Factors 1 Factor 1 recognition The ranking of my school is high (corporative quality) A degree from this university is well recognised internationally (corporative quality) The university takes the lead in research (corporative quality) A degree from this university has an excellent reputation in my home country (corporative quality) My course is intellectually challenging (interactive quality) Factor 2 quality of instruction and interaction with faculty Lecture rs have adequate time for consultation (interactive quality) . 765 . 772 . 702 . 659 . 652 . 609 2 3 4 Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education 6(2), 55 67 62Pereda, Airey and Bennett (2007) Service Quality in Overseas Education The Experience of Overseas Students Lecturers can be easily contacted individually (interactive quality) There are clear and reasonable requirements for each module (interactive quality) Lecturers stimulate critical analysis (interactive quality) Feedback from coursework is adequate (interactive quality) Factor 3 sufficiency of resources The campus computers are sufficient for the student population (physical quality) Adequate printer facilities are available (physical quality) The communal areas in each student residence are adequate for the number of students (physical quality) The university has sufficient residential accommodation (physical quality) Factor 4 quality of facilities The university has plenty of sport facilities (physica l quality) The sports centre has modern equipment (physical quality) The classrooms have up-to-date teaching support equipment (physical quality) The gardens and open areas on campus are kept clean (physical quality) . 863 . 802 . 526 . 483 . 724 . 689 . 657 . 642 . 758 . 663 . 611 . 454 Eigenvalue 6. 156 1. 527 1. 375 1. 72 Explained variance by factor (%) 34. 199 8. 481 7. 640 7. 069 Table 4 Service quality scale factor loading structure Extraction method principle component analysis. rotary motion method Varimax with Kaiser Normalisation. Rotation converged in five iterations To some extent this reflects how the university positions itself as a demanding and competitive body. The other three factors did not reach eigenvalues of 3. 00, and the percentage variance together only accounts for 23 per cent of the total. The second factor roughly relates to Lehtinen and Lehtinens interactive quality and here is labelled quality of instruction and interaction with faculty.The items here emphasise the importance of the lecturer in his or her intrinsic role as a teacher, spontaneous to guide, teach and motivate students. The variables included in this factor also provide evidence of the responsibilities of the lecturer towards the students in terms of providing clear instructions, accurate and punctual feedback and private consultation. Factor 3 includes four items from physical quality, and although they only explain 7. 64 per cent of the common variance, all the items have high loadings, ranging from . 642 to . 724. Interestingly, they all relate to the adequate provision of services by the university and hence are labelled here sufficiency of resources.The lead factor, although composed of four items from physical quality, does not show a clear pattern two of the items refer to sport facilities (both of which have high loadings), the modernity of classroom facilities and cleanliness of the campus. This recasting of the dimensions provides an interesting step i n translating service quality thinking into the arena of higher education. In particular, it emphasises the point that the provision of services is not only about the actual facilities (classrooms, computers, etc) and the ways in which they are delivered (by the teachers), both of which find correspondence in any service it also highlights the fact that there is another, in this case overriding, dimension for students in the ways in which they judge their institution.This is the standing or recognition of the university, which in itself is a combination of achievements often over many years in the wide range of activities covered by universities teaching, research, invention and knowledge creation. In the case of this particular study, this may be partly explained by the fact that the institution concerned has an great and long-established reputation for Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education 6(2), 55 67 63 Pereda, Airey and Bennett (2007) Service Quality in Overseas Education The Experience of Overseas Students tourism and hospitality studies, and a significant proportion of the respondents were taking these programmes. In the same way, ancient universities, some with histories over many centuries, offer reputation as a key element in attracting students.This recognition dimension, of course, also finds expression in other services and goods, but arguably its explanatory strength for universities in distinguishing between institutions, particularly for overseas students, is more aright than in other areas. It is difficult to generalise from this to all universities. Given the rapid expansion of the sector in recent years, there has been little time for many institutions to have developed their reputations. This may explain why in earlier studies (Gatfield et al. , 1999 Tomkovick et al. , 1996) which have included reputation it has not consistently appeared as the most important factor. Indeed, academic instruction has more typically explained most of the variance (Gatfield, 2000 Elliot and Shin, 2002 Patterson et al. , 1998).However, what it does point to potentially is the sheer importance of reputation once it has been achieved and, as a corollary, the imperative to maintain reputation. Against this background, league tables and world rankings take on a crucial role and hence become a vital part of the development and endurance strategy for institutions in an increasingly competitive world. As international recruitment and international competition in higher education add-ons, this is likely to figure increasingly prominently in the strategies of universities. Conclusion Three important issues come out of this work in relation to the things that students value in their university experience.First, in line with previous studies, the evaluation of higher education includes a complex and diverse range of variables, from classroom experience to library and computing provision, from social and sporting activities to international recognition. Second, the work in measuring service quality provides a good starting point for understanding the basic structure of the variables that students take into account in evaluating their experience. And third, there is, at least for some universities, including the one where the study took place, a fourth dimension related to reputation in this case, a reputation in hospitality and tourism may have influenced the results. This then points to a key feature of higher education provision, which is that universities are not a uniform range of institutions.They shift enormously by, for example, age, size, structure, specialism and orientation, and any form of evaluation will be likely to reflect these differences. In this case, it is reputation and recognition that has come through. In other universities and with other student groups there may well be other dimensions in the variables. This study was based on one institution and sought the views of the intern ational, postgraduate, full-fee-paying students who had already taken a decision about where to study, and the configuration of the variables reflects this. Primarily, it has brought the reputation of the institution into prominence but it has also provided a further basis for understanding the issues that international students value.Given the likely continued growth in international student movements, there are key lessons here for institutions, not least in the importance of developing and maintaining reputation. As already noted, in an environment of globalisation, international competition and league tables, reputation is likely to increase in importance. Of course, given the sample of a particular group of students studying particular subjects at one institution, there are some important limitations in the extent to which it is possible to generalise the results. However, notwithstanding this weakness, both the approach and the findings in terms of the key variables and dimens ions provide pointers o approaches to understanding the views of students and the ways in which this important group of students view their experience. There are clearly many further avenues for research in this area. A wider range of institutions with different priorities, a wider range of subject areas and coverage of undergraduate and domestic students would all provide further insights to the views of students about their Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education 6(2), 55 67 64 Pereda, Airey and Bennett (2007) Service Quality in Overseas Education The Experience of Overseas Students experiences and about the dimensions that they value. But perhaps most important for tourism and hospitality specialists would be a specific focus on students studying these subjects.While they are a significant cohort among the students included in the survey, and this study can provide pointers, their number was not sufficient to draw final conclusions about their particular cha racteristics, if any. This work remains to be done. References Aldridge, S. and Rowley, J. (1998) Measuring Customers merriment in Higher Education. 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