Womens Role in Chronicle of a Death Foretold Essay -- Gabriel Garcia

In Latin America, women are treated differently from men and children. They do lots of work for unexplainable reasons. Others for religious reasons and family orders and others because of the men involved. Women are like objects to men and have to obey their orders to either be rich or to live. Some have sex to get the men’s approval, others marry a rich man that they don’t even know very well, and become slaves. An important book called Chronicles of a Death Foretold is an example of how these women are treated. Purisima del Carmen, Angela Vicario's mother, has raised Angela and her sisters to be good wives. The girls do not marry until late in life, rarely socializing beyond the outsides of their own home. They spend their time sewing, weaving, washing and ironing. Other occupations include arranging flowers, cleaning up the house, and writing engagement letters to other men. They also keep the old traditions alive, such as helping the sick, comforting the dying, and covering the dead. While their mother believes they are perfect, men view them as too tied to their women's traditions. The men are afraid that the women would pay more attention to their job more than the men. Throughout the book, the women receive the respect they deserve from the men and others around them. â€Å"Any man will be happy with them because they have been raised to suffer† (pg 31, Marquez) This quote talks about how the daughters are taught embroidery, machine sewing, lace weaving, helping the unfortunate, and serving just to cope with the society. Most married women get engaged at the age of 14. The man may be 17 or 18. Not saying that if a female is a hard worker but looks ugly that she wouldn’t get a forced marriage. Many Latin American women would li... ...es one forgot she existed.† The daughters she raises are â€Å"perfect†¦ any man will be happy with them because they’ve been raised to suffer.† As for marriage, they must do as their family says, not out of love. This means they can’t pick anyone they want to marry, the family does. Most Latin American families want their lady to marry a wealthy man. They know that wealthy man is aggressive, so Angela or her sisters would be perfect since they are raised to deal with harsh situations. So when Angela Vicario is told by her parents that she must marry Bayardo San Romà ¡n, a wealthy and somewhat mysterious stranger who knows from the instant he sees Angela, that she is the woman he must have. She has no choice but to consent, particularly since her family is of modest means. Bibliography: Marquez, Gabriel Garcia. Chronicles of a Death Foretold, 2008, Vintage.

The Tudors

THE TUDORS: The birth of the nation state. The new monarchy Henry VII is less known than Henry VIII or Elizabeth I but he was more important in establishing the new monarchy. Henry VII firmly believed that war and glory were bad business, and that business was good for the state. Henry had more power and more money than earlier kings. His aim was to make the crown financially independent. When he died in 1509 he left a huge amount of money. The only thing on which he was happy to spend money was the building of ships. Henry VIII was quite unlike his father. He was cruel, wasteful with money, and interested in pleasing himself. The reformationHenry VIII was always looking for new sources of money. He disliked the power of Church in England because, since it was an international organization, he could not completely control it. In 1531 Henry persuaded the bishops to make him head of the Church in England, and this became law after Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy in 1534. The bre ak with Rome was purely political. He wanted to control the Church and keep its wealth in his own. He used the Parliament to make the break legal. Through several Acts of Parliament between 1532 and 1536, England became politically a Protestant country, even though the popular religion was Catholic.After the acceptance of the Reformation Henry closed monasteries and other religious houses. Monks and nuns were thrown out. The dissolution of the monasteries was probably the greatest act of official destruction in the history of Britain. Elizabeth I Elizabeth I became queen when Mary died in 1558. She wanted to find peaceful answers to the problems of English Reformation. She wanted to bring together again parts of English society which were in religious disagreement. And she wanted to make England prosperous. She considered trade the most important foreign policy matter, and also encouraged merchant expansion.She recognized Spain as her main trade, rival and enemy. Mary, the â€Å"Qu een of Scots†, was the heir to the English throne, she was a strong Catholic. When she returned to Scotland, soon made enemies, because she got tired of her husband and she agreed to murder him and married the murdered so she was unpopular among people and finally she escaped to England. Elizabeth kept Mary as a prisoner for almost 20 years. In 1587 she finally agreed to Mary’s execution. England and her neighbours During the Tudor period, from 1485 until 1603, English foreign policy changed several times. Mary queen of Scot and the Scottish reformationMary was troubled by bad luck and wrong decisions. She was Catholic, she returned to Scotland as both queen and widow. During her time in France, Scotland had become officially and popularly Protestant. The Scots were careful not to give the monarch authority over the new Protestant Scottish â€Å"kirk†, as the church in Scotland was called. This was possible because the new Reformation took place while the queen, Mary, was not in Scotland. The Kirk taught the importance of personal belief and the study of the Bible, this led to the idea that education was important for everyone in Scotland.Protestantism had spread quickly through the Scottish universities. The new Kirk disliked Mary and her French Catholicism. Then Mary was married again, to Lord Darnley, later she got tired of him, consequently she agreed to murder her husband and married the murderer, Bothwel. Scottish society was shocked. In addition to her Catholicism and her French culture, she had shown very poor judgment. She destroyed her chance of inheriting the English throne. She found herself at war with her opponents, and was captured and imprisoned. She escaped to England, where she was held by Elizabeth and after nineteen years she was executed.Refer to society during Tudor times. †¢ Tudor parliaments. The Tudor monarchs did not like governing through Parliament. Henry VII had used Parliament only for law making. Until th e end of the Tudor period Parliament was supposed to do three things: agree to the taxes needed; make the laws which the Crown suggested; and advise the crown, only when asked to do so. †¢ Rich and poor in town and country. During this period the population increased, England had social and economic problems than ever before. The price of food and other goods rose. But a greater problem was the increase in population.Living conditions got worse. Many landowners made money from sheep farming; they could sell the wool to the cloth industry. Many people became unemployed. In 1601 Parliament passed the First Poor Law. This made local people responsible for the poor in their own area. The lives of the rich and poor were different. The rich ate good quality bread while the poor ate rough bread. The rich showed off their wealth in silk clothing, while the poor wore simple clothes of leather or wool. †¢ Domestic life. Women in England had a greater freedom than anywhere else in Eu rope.However, there was a dark side of married life. Most women bore between eight and fifteen children. Marriage was often an economic arrangement, there weren’t deep emotional ties. Both rich and poor lived in small family groups. People worked hard and died young. Poor children started work at the age of six or seven. Unmarried women suffered badly during this period, after the dissolution of the monasteries they became beggars on the roads of England. They had little choice in life. †¢ Language and culture. At the beginning of the Tudor period English was spoken in different ways.Since the mid-fourteenth century, London English had become accepted as Standard English. Educated people began to speak â€Å"correct† English, and uneducated people continued to speak the local dialect. Literacy increased greatly during the mid-sixteenth century. England felt the effects of the Renaissance, it also influence religion, encouraging the Protestant Reformation. In music England enjoyed its most fruitful period ever. Literature was England’s greatest art form; William Shakespeare filled the theatres with their exciting new plays.

A Study On Employee Motivation Essay - 6476 Words

CHAPTER-1 1.1 INTRODUCTION The project titled â€Å"A study on employee motivation with reference to network 18†, is conducted to identify factors that are responsible for motivating the employees and the organizational functions of Network 18, Noida. The focus of the project is on what motivates the employee the most. Hence the main subject which have been focused on was Employee motivation or motivation in general. Management’s basic job is to utilize human resources effectively to achieve the organizational objectives. The personnel management is mainly concerned with organizing human resources in such a way to get maximum output to the organization and to develop the talent of people at the work to achieve the fullest satisfaction. Employee motivation is one of the major issues faced by every organization. It is the task of the manager to motivate his subordinates and also to create the â€Å"will to work† amongst his subordinates. In fact, a worker might be highly capable of doing work; nothing can be done if he is not willing to work. The manager has to make appropriate use of motivation to generate the interest amongst the employees. From a manager’s point of view it is important to understand what encourages people, what influences them and why they persist in particular action. By understanding what motivates employees, the management can design procedures, functions, policies and systems that can create a workforce of motivated and happy employees who in turn would beShow MoreRelatedEmployee Motivation – a Short Case Study1198 Words   |  5 PagesEmployee Motivation – A Short Case Study I joined CVS Caremark project at TCS-Noida in November after a successful stint at Aviva in TCS-Bangalore, where I had worked as a trainee. I had always wanted to go back to my hometown and live with my parents and when I got a transfer to Delhi I didn’t waste a single moment in saying yes to the new project and heading towards Delhi. Many of my friends were also moving out from Bangalore at the same time which only made my decision easier. I felt that CaremarkRead MoreEmployee Motivation Case Study Essay1072 Words   |  5 Pagesexisting employee without giving financial benefits? OBJECTIVES To be able to know if implementing a competency-based planning program is a good strategy to boost up the morale and increase motivation of the employees. To know what other alternative benefits can be given to employees, aside from monetary benefits. SWOT ANALYSIS Strength: Has loyal customers Has a facility that attracts potential customers and members. Weaknesses: High turnover rate Low morale and motivation The companyRead MoreEmployee Motivation in the Organization: a Case Study of Nigerian Ports Authority13675 Words   |  55 PagesCHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Of all the factors of production, labour is the most important factor of production, which is supplied by the employees. The success or failure of any enterprise is therefore ultimately predicated on the willingness or otherwise of the people who supply the labour Force. A manager plays an important part in coordinating the efforts of individual workers to active organizational objectives. His work also include planningRead MoreEmployee Motivation in Low Income Earning Jobs: a Case Study of Subway4613 Words   |  19 PagesChapter 1 Introduction Background to the study A motivated employee works hard and effectively because of the satisfactory feeling of fulfillment. In business management, motivation is an important research field. Over the years, there have been many motivation theories developed. One of the most famous theories is on the basis of Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs. Maslow (1954) argued that individuals have a hierarchy of needs, and true motivation is achieved by fulfilling higher level of needsRead MoreA Critical Analysis of the Relationship Between Organisational Culture, Employee Motivation , Employee Performance and Service Quality Using the Following Case Studies;1595 Words   |  7 PagesA Critical analysis of the relationship between organisational culture, employee motivation ,* employee performance and service quality* using the following* Case studies*; Mitchell and Brothers, Marston’s PLC, *Banana Wharf* and* Best Western* Group. This may seem a far way from your everyday business or organisation closer to home, but surprisingly the variations between places and countries are very similar to that of organisations. Every business has their own specific way of doing thingsRead MoreArticle Review - Achieving Organisational Prosperity Through Employee Motivation and Retention: a Comparative Study of Strategic Hrm Practices in Malaysian Institutions2694 Words   |  11 PagesOrganisational Prosperity through Employee Motivation and Retention: A Comparative Study of Strategic HRM Practices in Malaysian Institutions Author: Yin Teng Chew This article provides an insight on strategic human resource management (HRM) practices regarding employee motivation of different multinational corporations (MNCs) in Malaysia. Employee retention is one of the hardest aspects of HRM that requires sophisticated framework. In the case of Malaysia, employee retention is a major issue as theRead MoreThe Importance Of Employee Motivation And Customer Retention Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pagescustomer loyalty, and work efficiency. Indeed, in their research study, Ganesh and Mangalore (2016) established a strong link between employee motivation and customer retention. Therefore, any effort to improve the performance of an organization should begin with addressing human resource issues in the attempt to improve its motivation. Employee motivation has been a central area of focus in organizational behavior issues and studies. Scholars and professionals have been trying to understand factorsRead MoreThe Effect Of Flexible Work Programs On Em ployee Motivation1145 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effect of Flexible Work Programs on Employee Motivation Overview Since the 1990s, many single parents have entered the workforce and their children are suffering as a result. These working parents are forced to leave their children to raise themselves while they work rigid schedules. Meanwhile, many children are not receiving the guidance and attention they need to flourish in society. This leaves our future in the hands of children without the necessary guidance needed to succeed. RecentlyRead MoreThe Relationship Between Motivation And Performance Of Workers Essay1320 Words   |  6 Pages Abstract Motivation derived from Latin word† Movere†, it is the drive which motivates to perform better. There is a link between motivation and performance. It is already resulted from previous studies that the motivated employees give more positive outcomes. To further investigate the relation among motivation and performance of workers. The research statement is designed to evaluate the relationship between motivation and employee’s performance. To evaluate the relationship, the quantitative researchRead MoreCorrelation Between Employee Motivation And Job Performance Essay1098 Words   |  5 Pagesorganization. An employee performance appraisal can act as motivation for an employee to improve his productivity. When an employee sees his goals clearly defined and is measured against the set goals and objectives, a need can be identified about the future strategies of employee motivation. In this review, I will look at and explore the multiple arguments of the management research articles. So, the question I must ask: is there a positive correlation between employee motivation and job performance

What Was the Gang of Four in China

The Gang of Four, or siren bang, was a group of four influential Chinese Communist Party figures during the latter years of Mao Zedongs rule. The Gang consisted of Maos wife, Jiang Qing, and her associates Wang Hongwen, Yao Wenyuan, and Zhang Chunqiao. Wang, Yao, and Zhang were all major party officials from Shanghai. They rose to prominence during the Cultural Revolution (1966-76), pushing Maos policies in Chinas second city. When Maos health began to decline over that decade, they gained control of a number of major government functions. The Cultural Revolution It is not clear how much control the Gang of Four really exercised over the policies and decisions surrounding the Cultural Revolution, and to what extent they simply carried out Maos wishes. Although the Red Guards who implemented the Cultural Revolution across the country did revive Maos political career, they also brought a dangerous degree of chaos and destruction to China. The unrest sparked a political struggle between a reformist group, including Deng Xiaoping, Zhou Enlai, and Ye Jianying, and the Gang of Four. When Mao died on Sept. 9, 1976, the Gang of Four sought to take control of the country, but in the end, none of the major players took power. Maos choice  and his eventual successor  was the previously little known but reform-minded Hua Guofeng. Hua publicly denounced the excesses of the Cultural Revolution. On Oct. 6, 1976, he ordered the arrest of Jiang Qing and the other members of her cabal. The official press gave the purged officials their nickname, The Gang of Four, and asserted that Mao had turned against them in the last year of his life.  It also blamed them for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution, setting off a nationwide round of denunciations against Jiang and her allies. Their major supporters in Shanghai were invited to Beijing for a conference  and were immediately arrested as well. On Trial for Treason In 1981, the members of the Gang of Four went on trial for treason and other crimes against the Chinese state. Among the charges were the deaths of 34,375 people over the course of the Cultural Revolution, as well as the persecution of three-quarters of a million innocent Chinese. The trials were strictly for show, so the three male defendants did not mount any defense. Wang Hongwen and Yao Wenyuan both confessed to all the crimes with which they were charged  and offered their repentance. Zhang Chunqiao quietly and steadfastly maintained his innocence throughout. Jiang Qing, on the other hand, yelled, cried, and ranted during her trial, shouting that she was innocent and had only obeyed orders from her husband, Mao Zedong. The Gang of Fours Sentencing In the end, all four defendants were convicted. Wang Hongwen was sentenced to life in prison; he was released to a hospital in 1986  and died of an unspecified liver ailment in 1992 at just 56 years of age. Yao Wenyuan received a 20-year sentence; he was released from prison in 1996  and passed away from complications of diabetes in 2005.   Both Jiang Qing and Zhang Chunqiao were sentenced to death, although their sentences were later commuted to life in prison. Jiang was moved to house arrest at her daughters home in 1984  and committed suicide in 1991. She reportedly had been diagnosed with throat cancer and hanged herself to avoid suffering any longer from the condition. Zhang was released from prison on medical grounds in 1998 after being diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. He lived until 2005. The downfall of the Gang of Four signaled widespread changes for the Peoples Republic of China. Under Hua Guofeng and the rehabilitated Deng Xiaoping, China moved away from the worst excesses of the Mao era. It established diplomatic and trade relations with the United States and other western countries  and began to pursue its current course of economic liberalization paired with firm political control.

Marc Chagall Essay - 1399 Words

Marc Chagall Marc Chagall as an artist and as a person cannot be categorized. He was born in Vitebsk, Russia, learned to paint in St. Petersburg and lived in Paris, Berlin, and the United States. His career is influenced by many different factors. His Hasidic Jewish upbringing reflected in the content of his paintings greatly. The lyrical fairy tales of Jewish mysticism, the stories of the Bible, and the Rabbis and scholars who surrounded him in his childhood come out onto his work. When he went to art school in St. Petersburg it was the period when he became exposed to the avant-garde movement in art. With Leon Bakst he saw the reproductions of Fauve canvases, the sketches of Van Gogh and of Cezzanne his ambition to go to Paris was†¦show more content†¦Chagall in order to continue painting used a patterned tablecloth instead of a canvas. He did not disguise this surface but retained elements of it in his composition. You can see the pattern over the fiddler’s shoulder and on his leg. He has the fiddler floating in mid-air with the town below him above and beside him. The different buildings in the town are arranged in geometric shapes and lines. The most important thing as in all Chagall compositions is the symbolism. The fiddler symbolizes severa!l things at once, a memory from Chagall’s childhood, from his homeland and on a personal level himself. His childhood memory was that of his uncle Neuch who didn’t play the violin very well but who was enthusiastic when he played it. Its wider Russian significance is that of the failed revolution of 1905. Th e leader of this revolution was a Jewish fiddler named Edouard Sormus, who led workers through the streets to fight for their rights. Chagall saw himself in the fiddler, a solitary individual, isolated by the strangeness and mystery of art. The whole build-up of the painting reinforces the poetical dimension of the picture. This painting was important to Chagall. He used the symbol of the fiddler in other composition, for example The Violinist (1911), and The Green Violinist (1923-24). Another major work of his, the painting I and the Village (1911-1914) suggests the complexities of opposition and unity, the confrontationShow MoreRelatedCase Study, Marc Chagall1973 Words   |  8 Pagesartist you have studied this year. Refer to work done by this artist to substantiate your statements. Marc Chagall was a Russian/French artist who was born into a poor family of Hassidic Jews on the 7th July 1887. Throughout his working life he was based in Russia from 1906-1910, then he moved to France for four more years before moving back to Russia and Soviet Belarus for eight years. Chagall was strongly influenced, but not limited to, movements such as Cubism, Fauvism and Surrealism. These movementsRead MoreMarc Chagall s Over Vitebsk 1215 Words   |  5 PagesJasmine Walthall Erik Day Art Appreciation 22 April 2015 Marc Chagall’s Over Vitebsk Most artist art work reflects the artist’s inner self, their feelings and thoughts about the world around them. Art is a way for artists to let whatever is in, out. It is also a way for them to show his or her inner thoughts and feelings about something to the rest of the world. Whether it be Upton Sinclair showing the world the nastiness of the meat packing industry and the struggles of the low class immigrantsRead MoreThe White Crucifixion By Marc Chagall1438 Words   |  6 Pages In 1938, Marc Chagall painted the first portrait of his crucifixion series. The White Crucifixion was developed from his own life experiences and combined both traditional and new customs to further showcase the interrelation between the disheveled state of humanity that has continued to exist. This painting has stirred a lot of controversy over the years because of Chagall’s sudden change in themes. Previously, Chagall focused on creating artworks centered on Jewish representations, but switchedRead MoreCompare?Contrast Van Gogh and Chagall806 Words   |  4 PagesComparte/Contrast Van Gogh and Chagall For this essay, I chose to compare and contrast Vincent van Gogh’s â€Å"Starry Night† with Marc Chagall’s â€Å"I and the Village†. The two pieces are lovely and most interesting to evaluate in relationship to one another. I personally love both artists and upon closely examining these famous pieces, I have noticed how similar yet different these works of art are. Vincent van Gogh was a deeply troubled, post-impressionist artist and his painting â€Å"Starry Night†Read MoreMovements in Art Report Essay1427 Words   |  6 Pagesdefined as I would personally like, but that may have been the artist’s intentions. Perhaps Heckel wanted his audience to view this piece as relaxed, leisurely, and out of order. Perhaps, that is what got Heckel into the Degenerate Art exhibit. Marc Chagall was born into a Hasidic Jewish family and studied art in France and Russia. All three of these influences can be found in his work titled The Fiddler. This quasi-cubist painting displays a use of highly contrasted colors to bring to life a fiddlerRead More Russian Art, Music and Literature Essay860 Words   |  4 Pagesthe world. It should be no surprise that the rich Russian culture is producing so much talent, and everyone around the world seems to enjoy it. Great artists such as Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky (music), Valery Yakovlevich Bryusov (literature), and Marc Chagall (art) have shared Russia’s culture with the rest of the world. Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky is mostly known for his great musicals. One of his greatest musicals â€Å"The Nutcracker† has been turned into an ice show in United States of America. PeggyRead MoreThe Life Of Belarus1525 Words   |  7 Pagesreligious funeral services are rites observed by most Belarusians, and the government recognizes important religious holidays as state holidays. Marc Chagall Marc Chagall was the eldest of nine children born to Khatskl Shagal and Mendelevna Chagall in the settlement town of Liozna an area that boasted a high concentration of jews. Raised in a Hasidic family, Chagall attended local Jewish religious schools - obligatory for Russian Jews during this time, since discrimination policies prohibited mixing ofRead MoreA Study On Reims Cathedral2054 Words   |  9 Pageswindows, produced in collaboration with Marc Chagall and Charles Marq. Marc Chagall, born July 6th, 1887, and died March 28th, 1985, was a Russian-French Artist that explored a variety of artistic media; including contemporary stained glass artwork . The artist was commissioned to substitute three replacement stained glass windows in Reims Cathedral’s Axial Chapel in November 1968. The windows are, equally, an item of design on behalf of the artist, Marc Chagall, who produced a variety of developmentRead MoreArt, Art And Art915 Words   |  4 PagesPaintings are often displayed at museums or art galleries in order to allow people to admire them and analyze their meaning. A painting that is displayed at the Albright-Knox art gallery in Buffalo, New York is La Vie Paysanne. French-Russian artist, Marc Chagall, painted La Vie Paysanne in the year 1925. In La Vie Paysanne, the subject matter is the life of the peasants in France. This is portrayed by the many symbols in the painting, such as the way in which the people are dressed in very simple garmentsRead MoreMy Feelings On Various Works of Art Essay examples1056 Words   |  5 Pages compared to the elaborate works of art from the past. A lot modern art seems to be more about style and abstractness, leaving the observer to form their own interpretation of what they see in the piece. I think that artists like Picasso, Marc Chagall, Piet Mondrian, and Paul Klee, for example (who represent modern art), display a child-like style (as if a child could have painted them). In my opinion, art and architecture were most impressive between the Greek and Classical periods.

Computer and Network security TA Management

Questions: 1. Identify the various tools and techniques used by attackers and the types of attack that can be launched by using these tools or techniques. 2. Distinguish between the various types of attack and their consequences. 3. Compare and contrast the various tools and techniques that can be used to protect computer systems and networks from attack and to select appropriate tools or techniques for dealing with specific attacks. 4. Set up and configure a range of network security tools and devices. 5. Analyse a problem and devise one or more solutions to it. Answer: Introduction Network security is the key issue for the computing generation, since the rate of attack by the hackers is increasing at a fast pace(Abbasi et al.2011)Network security is consist of policies and provisions adopted by the network administrators in order to prevent various kinds of attacks such as data misuse, unauthorized access, modification, malicious computer network, network-accessible resources. Network security follows a significant process in order to protect the digital information assets, security goals to protect the confidentiality, assure availability and maintain integrity. 1. Identification of various tools and techniques used by the attacker Network hackers use a variety of tool and techniques to attack a system. The popular hacking tools are falls under the following categories. Wireless attack tool Wireless attack tools have been developed to compromise the 802.11 networks. The widespread and popular use of Wi-Fi, offers a platform to the attacker based on which they cause the disruption (Balasundaram et al. 2011). Confidentiality attack tools On intercepting over the wireless link, attackers attempt to gather private information. Eavesdropping, access point (AP), key cracking and phishing attacks are some of the attack techniques. Eavesdropping- The commonly used tool of eavesdropping is Wireshark. It is basically a sniffing program that will display all the network traffic both wireless and wired. It is a multi-platform, multi protocol analyzer supporting hundreds of protocols and includes decryption support for various popular security protocols that include Wired Equivalent privacy (WEP), IP security, Wi-fi protected access, Kerberos, Key management Protocol, Internet security association, etc(Barbern et al.2012). Moreover, Wireshark display the captured data in an easy to read and easy to follow format. It has built in filters that is used to capture specific data i.e. Protocol, port number or IP address. Sniffing- Apart from capturing and displaying the packets from physical layer, the sniffing programs possess installed plugins and filters enable to manipulate data creating a man in the middle attack. Phishing- AP Phishing, renowned as Evil Twin is a confidentiality attack, where the users are misguided to logon to fake APs thus providing the credentials to the attacker. These fake logon pages are created to collect confidential data, credentials, credit card information, password of users (Canto-Perello et al. 2013). In process, the user is compelled to download a series of viruses i.e. Trojan horses. Tools such as APsniff, APhunter, KNSGEM, Hotspotter scan the wireless AP beacon signals. Types of attack launched by these tools Here are some basic attacks launched by the above tools and techniques. Security threat The key security threats include denial of services, unauthorized access to data and network resources, uncontrolled access to internet, accidental delete of confidential data, etc. Virus attack A computer virus is a small executable code, that when replicated or executed performs different harmful and unwanted functions in a computer network (Chen et al.2011). Viruses destroy the processors, hard disk, consumes large space memory and effect the overall system performance. Trojan is a malicious code that is not replicated, however, destroys critical data. Unauthorized access to data When hackers gain access to the data and network resources through the process of Eavesdropping or Sniffing. Cryptography attack and theft of information It is another threat to network that causes loss of essential information. DoS Denial of services (DoS), is the explicit attempt by the hackers that prevents the legitimate user from using a service from the network resource (Cohen et al.2012). DoS attack execute the malware by consumption of computational resources, disk space, memory, disrupt the configuration information, physical network components, unsolicited reset of TCP sessions. Installation of unauthorized applications It is the installation of unauthorized software applications to the network servers and client computers. Installation of malicious program applications, causes a number of security threats in the form of songs, codec, gaming software, web-based applications, video programs, etc. Application level attack The attacker exploits the weakness in application layer i.e. faulty control in the while filtering input in the server side, security weakness in web server (Deng et al.2013). The examples of such attack include SQL injection, web server attack and malicious software attack. 2. Distinguish between various types of attack and their consequences IP spoofing Spoofing of IP address involves the creation of malicious TCP/IP packets by using various IP addresses as the source. This is intended to conceal the hackers identity and impersonate the identity of IP address owner (Ding, 2011). On spoofing of the source address, the recipient will reply to the source address, whereas the packet will be hard to trace back the attacker. IP spoofing gives rise to the following consequences. Denial of Service attack(DoS) A large number of packet is send by the attacker to the victim and all the replies from the user is directed towards the spoofed IP address thus preventing the legitimate user from service. Man in the middle It involves the hijacking of an authenticated network session taking place between two hosts. The attacker utilize the spoofed IP address and between two hosts and use them to send and receive packets (Ghani et al.2013). Hijacking of connection While the authentication takes place between two hosts, the attacker take advantage of this and send a reset to the client through which it kills the connection for the client and spoofs the client and continues session with the server using spoofed IP address(Hutchins et al.2011). It has the following consequences: Session or connection hijacking exploits the authenticated machine by stealing cookies stored on the system or machine. Cookies are also stolen by sniffing the encrypted network traffic. These cookies are used within the web server in order to establish an unauthenticated session. ICMP attack ICMP or Internet Control message Protocol is a protocol used in the internet layer of TCP/IP suite in order to send error messages and carryout unauthorized network management tasks(Jhaveri et al.2012).Ping tool is the familiar example of ICP that is used to send echo messages in reference to know the online status of destination. The consequences considers the following. The ICMP protocol does not possess any built-in authentication and the attacker intercept the ICMP packets. Ping is used to launch the DoS attacks to the legitimate users. 3. Comparison and contrast between the various tools of computer network protection a) Application gateways These are also as proxy gateways made up of bastion software and act as a proxy software to run special software. Traditionally, it is the most secure tool that does not allow packets to pass by default (Jnanamurthy et al.2013). However, the proxy server is consist of significant application programs in order to initiate the passage of traffic. This application runs at the Application layer of ISO/OSI reference model. b) Packet filtering It is a technique through which the routers with ACLs are turned on, and by default the router passes all sorts of traffic without any restrictions. The employment of ACLs enforce the security policies in respect to the sort of access to the internal network allowed to the outside world (Kelling et al.2012). In packet filtering, the number of overheads is less than that of an application gateway, since the feature of access control is performed at the lower ISO/OSI layer. Packet filtering has significant problem when compared with Application gateways and Hybrid system. TCP/IP has no means of absolute source address, hence make use of layers of packet filters to localize the traffic(Khan and Engelbrecht, 2012). The two layers of packet filters are used to differentiate between packers that came from internal network and internet, however, it does not make way to find the actual host. c) Hybrid It is the attempt to amalgamate security applications of layer gateways with the speed and feasibility of packet filtering. The new connections are authenticated and approved at the physical layer whereas the remainder is received at the session layer, where the packet filter and passed on (Kim et al. 2011). Unlike packet filtering that identifies the network from which the packet came with certainty, but fails to get more specific than that, however, Hybrid system, provides a measure of protection against the computer network d) Closed Ports A closed port keeps the system and computer network safe from outside communication and attack. In security domain, an open port refers to the UDP and TCP ports, i.e. configured to accept the packets (Kottaimalai et al.2013). The ping request primarily identifies the hosts that are active currently. It is often used as a part of inspection activity in order to prevent a larger and coordinated attack. By removing the ability remote users so that they do not receive a ping request, the user will likely to pass over from unattended scans and script kiddies who search for easier target (Marin and Wellman, 2011). Such a system does not actually protect the user from an attack, as in packer filtering, application gateways, Hybrid system and close port system, but it reduces the chance to become a target. e) Intrusion detection system IDS investigate all the outbound and inbound network activity in order to identify the suspicious patterns that indicate a system or network attack by a hacker who tries to compromise or break into a system(Palonen and Hakkarainen, 2013). IDSs utilize advanced algorithm and traffic analysis to determine whether the probe has been conducted. A number of IDSs have been designed to address the increased requirement of anti-hacking detection, protection on denial of services (DoS), security visibility, and business defenses on e-commerce(Rehg and Kraebber, 2012). g) Intrusion prevention system IPS is takes the activity of IDS one step further by taking immediate action without any human intervention (Valente, 2012). Unlike IDS, the IPS alarms are not based on the pre-defined rules. Appropriate techniques to deal with the attacks Closed port technique The computer network is consist of various open port network by default such as FTP, UDP, TELNET, HTTP, SMTP, etc. Attackers use the following types of open ports to enter the network or system. Moreover, malicious hackers make use of port scanning software in order to detect open ports or unfiltered networks to gain unauthorized access. In contrast, utilization of closed ports ignores or rejects the connections and packets directed towards it. Ports are closed by the use of a firewall (Vu et al.2014). Hybrid system Attackers who plans for unauthorized access to network and get access to internal network have to break through the bastion host, access router and choke router on Hybrid system tool for network security. Ping service turn off Ping service turn off is an essential tool to protect network security from cryptography attack and theft of information (Weninger et al. 2011). Intrusion detection system The DoS attack is treated with the IDS by utilizing traffic analysis and advanced services. It identifies the suspicious pattern of attack by investigating on outbound and inbound network who compromise the system and prevent legitimate user from the service. 4. Set up and configuration of network security tools The interaction between controller and workstation secured by using the Internet key exchange protocol (IKE) and Internet protocol security ( IPsec). IPSec is a set of extensions to the IP protocol family that ensure integrity, data authentication and encryption, encryption and integrity of IP packets (Wrzus et al.2013). IKE securely negotiate the property of security associations, of IPsec enabled peers, i.e. Andover Continuum controllers, workstations, etc. It takes place once all of the following tasks are addressed. Setting up and configuration of network security includes the following steps: Step 1: Determination if the network security is enabled for the controller Step 2: Configuration of controller for secure communications Step 3: Configuration of network security on the workstation (Zhu et al.2012). Step 4: Activation of network security for the controller Task Configuration Description Step 1 Cyber station software To determine whether or not the site has purchased the option of network security specifically for the net II 9680 and ACX 57x0 controller (Balasundaram et al.2011). Step 2 Controller Configuration of the network security settings within the controller Step 3 Workstation It edits, import, assign and export the local security policy of Schneider Electric network on the workstation (Barbern et al.2012). Step 4 Cyber station software It set up the network security attributes for a new controller or existing controller. Before starting the configuration of controllers and workstations, it is essential to ensure the required software and hardware in order to configure the network security successfully. The required hardware and software in configuration setting: The workstation software Windows 2000 SP4, windows server 2003, Windows XP SP2, Continuum cyber station v1.8 (and higher) The hardware controller ACX 57x0 series Netcontroller II 9680 Access privilege Administration privilege on the workstation is used to configure the Local security policy (Canto-Perello et al.2013). Administrative privileges make the controller login into web configuration pages and configure the properties of network security. Network IP address Identify the static IP address for each workstation to ensure security. Make sure each controller possess an available IP address. While setting up the controller of network security configuration, the following security options are used. Network security configuration- This option allows different levels of network security that include factory default, a network security policy that require authentication of Andover continuum traffic and its encryption (Chen et al.2011). Peer to peer security configuration- This option allows the communication between each controller and workstation. It also authenticates the each others identity by utilizing the same shared authorization secret. Web server security options- This option allows the application of network security level that is selected under network security options to the web servers of controllers (Cohen et al.2012). The network security options are applied to all levels of web configuration of the following options is turned on. 5. Analysis of a problem and devising one or more solution to it Analysis of a problem Hackers can attack any network in a million of ways. Attackers can target a network without even connecting to it or using the same network for locating it. Attackers can exfiltrate the data without even compromising the ultimate target. Attackers tend to compromise the network devise and delete the log records, confuse network behavioral analysis by the generation of all sorts of traffic. However, on analysis, it has been concluded that, such type of hacking does not alter the packet stream while it is captured (Deng et al.2011).Thus, this becomes the key player of the data that has been collected to perform advanced analysis of network security. Theft of data through network breach during communication between controller and workstation is analyzed, however, in order to figure out the root cause, the data have used to analyze and draw conclusions about what is happening in the environment (Ding, 2011). This analysis has been done by indexing the data, additional context has been used to supplement and enrich the data, alert on the data, and the last is to search through it in order to pursue an investigation on data theft. This can be done through significant technical horse power. A purpose-built data store is required to capture the full network packet stream. It requires index network traffic at the sufficient speed to provide actionable and usable information in order to shorten the exploit window (Ghani et al.2013).In order to analyze the magnitude of this challenge, a number of SIEM platforms struggle in order to handle the 10,000-15,000 events per second. It helps to capture 10-100gbps network traffic. Solution Network analyzer Virus or hacker attack typically generates an identifiable pattern or signature of packets. The network analyzer identifies the following packets and alert their presence on the network to the administrators. Most analyzers sets a alarm and that are triggered when a particular pattern is identified (Hutchins et al.2011). Some analyzers are programmed to send a page or email when these conditions are met. This assumes that the virus and its signature have been seen before and incorporated within the analyzers packet filter. The filter specifies a significant set of criteria based on which an analyzer will capture the packets or trigger alarm or some other specific pattern of action. IDS and anti-virus system An intrusive detection system and anti-virus is designed to prevent the incursion of known attacks and viruses. Moreover, the script kiddies and hackers have the access to all threat bulletins and window patches that are continuously in search of new vulnerabilities (Jhaveri et al.2012). Operating systems and firewalls often do not identify the patch until the damage already has been done. Imported disks, deliberate actions and infected system network are some of the key weak spots of security system which cannot be answered by the parameter defense alone. Probe functionality It performs all security functions required by the network such as it captures and decode the packets, analysis of the traffic levels in terms of application and active stations. Application analysis plays the key role due to the rapid increase in email volumes, which is a significant sign of virus attack. Probes are placed at the critical point of network (Jnanamurthy et al. 2013). This include default gateway, email servers and other servers that are critical and likely to be attacked. Nessus Nessus is incorporated to scan the network vulnerability. It is an open source, commercial product that analyzes the network to find any hole in it. This hole can allow the attacker to launch an attack by exploitation of the vulnerability. The other way round, security administrators use the following solution to analyze the open vulnerabilities on the system network, so that the attack can be prevented (Kelling et al. 2012). Nessus is a cross-platform tool that works on the Linux, Microsoft windows, Mac OS X. Moreover, this specific software is configured with the Graphical user interface with an user friendly tool to detect the attack between controller and workstation network. Conclusion There are numerous ways to prevent attack and ensure safety and security of network. From the above study it has been concluded that, the design flaws of TCP/IP suite of protocols is responsible for major attacks that takes place through the internet. However, by incorporating concerted efforts and various loopholes have been plugged in order to reduce the attack surface considerably. This paper identifies various network attack and also focus on the tools and defense mechanism in order to point out the vulnerabilities that causes the attack and implement ways to plug in. Reference List Abbasi, A., Altmann, J., and Hossain, L. (2011). 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Sir Issac Newton Essays - Isaac Newton, Copernican Revolution

Sir Issac Newton Sir Isaac Newton English mathematician and physicist Birth December 25, 1642 Death March 20, 1727 Place of Birth Woolsthorpe, England Known for Inventing, in part, the branch of mathematics now known as calculus Formulating the three laws of motion, which describe classical mechanics Proposing the theory of universal gravitation, which explains that all bodies are affected by the force called gravity Career 1661 Entered Trinity College, University of Cambridge 1665-1666 Developed what he called the fluxional method (now known as calculus) while living in seclusion to avoid the plague 1669-1701 Served as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge 1687 Published his seminal work, Philosphiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), which contained his three laws of motion and the theory of gravitation 1703-1727 Acted as president of the Royal Society, an organization that promotes the natural sciences 1704 Published Opticks (Optics), describing his theory that white light is a blend of different colors Did You Know? Newton was reluctant to share his research with other scientists for fear they would take credit for his discoveries. Newton instigated a Royal Society investigation to prove that he invented calculus before German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Liebniz, who had published the method first. In addition to science, Newton showed an interest in alchemy, mysticism, and theology. French writer Voltaire first recorded the story that a falling apple gave Newton the inspiration for his theory of gravitation. Voltaire cited Newton's niece as his source for the story. Bibliography none