The Test Statistic Essay Example for Free

The Test Statistic EssayBackground The decreasing hemorrhoid of students in standardized tests in math and science have been a cause for concern for most education reformers hence, intensive remediation had been knowing for those who have been found to perform poorly at these tests. In order to test whether the intervention programs are prepareive, rafts in the previous tests before the remediation was given will be compared to test rafts after the remediation.Statement of the problem Is there a significant deflection in the test scores of students before and after the remediation program?Independent variable quantity Remediation programDependent variable Test scores (before and after remediation)Hypothesis Null surmisal There is no significant difference in the test scores of students before and after the remediation program. Alternative scheme There is a significant difference in the test scores of students before and after the remediation program.Effect sizing The ef fect size would indicate the magnitude of the difference of the scores, using Cohens (1988) conventional system, an effect size of .02 is small, .05 is moderate and .08 is large. The probability value would only tell us whether to reject of accept the null possibility but in no way tells us whether the difference is small or large.Statistics t = 5.192df = 214n = 216Effect size .05Report The answered research question is Is there a significant difference betwixt the test scores of students in science and math before and after the remediation program? The hypothesis tested is as followsHo p = 0Ha p 0 The result of the t-test on student scores in the science and math test (t=5.192 at .05) which is larger than the t-critical value (p 4.33), with a sample size of 216 and a degrees of freedom of 214. Therefore the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted, thus, the remediation programs have indeed statistically increased the test scores of the students i n science and math.The effect size is at .05 which is moderate (Cohen, 1988), this would indicate that the difference in the before and after test scores is moderate in value and hence is not really that large as expected. This would mean that the leave remediation program has done its work but much is desired before it could be give tongue to that it has really reached its objective.ReferencesCohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. New York AcademicPress.Cohen, B. (2001). Explaining Psychological Statistics. New York Wiley.Moore, D.S. (2000). The basic Practice of Statistics 2nd ed. New York W.H. Freeman.

Serious failure to protect individuals Essay Example for Free

atrocious distress to protect individuals EssaySerious failure to protect individuals from step occurred in c atomic number 18 crime syndicates across Britain. This is an describe of the solemn state of an elderly care home in Essex. It has shown the residents beingness abused, bullied and also physical military unit being used toward these vulnerable adults. They had been left in their own excre manpowert for hours not lay downn to basin when they needed too.In a Hampshire hospital it had shown through the use of hidden cameras had shown vulnerable adults with learning disabilities being assaulted. A third of care homes did not meet the basic standards (CQC) this means that 406 care homes housing up to 15,533 vulnerable adults are failing. Panorama investigated they send in a reporter named Alex Lee to work 36 undercover shifts with a hidden camera. What she caught on film was shocking she filmed care workers slapping a char with dementia who was partially paralysed also caught others bullying, mocking the same patient.see moreserious failures to protect individuals from abuseOther residents had their pleas for help ignored many were left in their own excrement for hours and care workers had turn off the call bells. An elderly resident in his late 80s was mockingly called a bitch for hours by and by he called her it after he became annoyed about how she was cleaning his private parts. The head of care tone of voice commission (CQC) stated the care shown in the programme was unacceptable. Since 2011 158 homes have been shut down due to motion taken by the CQC. A spokesman for the care home said they apologise unreservedly for what was covered in the programme. Immediate action was taken those involved were suspended straight away and are not to outlet to work until after a full inquiry has taken place.In another situation a girl named Vanessa Evans used a hidden camera to uncover the care of her grandmother. In declination 2012 it was show n that her grandmother had called for a nurse 321 times pleading for the tail 45 times in barely over an hour. They had tried to adjudge her walk even though she was immobile for two years. She was taken to the toilet two and a half hour later she still did not go was put clog up to bed. Vanessas Grandmother told her theyre really nice when your here as soon as your gone they are horrible. She was work outly ignored by faculty. She was bleeding from pressure sores that needed a cover which the staff had noticed. Howeverfive hours later the nurse hadnt put a dressing on the wounds. A spokeswoman who owns the care home apologised she said they do not tolerate this kind of behaviour that it was shocking and distressing. They acted immediately to notify care quality commission and the police. Staff involved were suspended and later dismissed.Serious failure to protect individuals from abuse occurred at childrens homes in Britain author Alex Weatle writes of how he was sexually ab used by a doctor at a childrens home thought to be linked to paedophiles involving an MP in Tony Blairs government. He was awarded an MBE in 2008 he spoke up after seeing an investigation by the Daily mirror about abuse covered up after the MP was named suspect. Alex was targeted in the eighties by a group of abusers who were working in the same care homes the MP was visiting. He would make visits alone to childrens homes run by a convicted paedophile. Boys would have been taken out of south vale childrens home this is a unit which has filtered out abusers from outside the care system. Alex sickening account of abuse suffered by children at Shirley oaks care home he states that strange nameless me had entry to the home and he believes that abusers were allowed in and the staff had known he was convince there was a paedophile ring operating at twain care homes.Shirley oaks looked like a nice place to raise children with its hills streams and oaks trees. However in 1995 it was shut d own. removed the building now is a plague that reminds people of the children that once lived there. A friend of Alex took her life not far from there tortured by memories of abuse. Another friend took his life by asphyxiation interruption themselves from a toilet chain. He first get downd there in 1966 he remembers filling coal buckets and getting beat up with hard brushes, belts and shoes. He suffered violence daily described it as part of his daytime like eating toast. As he got older he heard stories of abuse from friends who started off in south vale and came to Shirley oaks for longer care. bummed was a phrase he heard often.Strange men would be around the premise one stayed and we were told his name is mark he taught naiant lessons in pool inside grounds as well as private clients he was only adult present individually time. Decades later he was jailed for his crimes. Alex did his best to get throughthis time he was labelled crazy and referred to a doctor. When he se en the doctor the first thing doctor asked him to do was to remove all of his habiliment until he was naked. He stood there in horror unable to speak as the doctor sexually assaulted him. He precious to share it with his friends to see if they have suffered the same but he could not do it.In secondary education there were still strange men on the grounds at night sometimes during the day. One said he was a football coach he would arrive at a game and take the younger boys away to a hidden part of the premises where it was thought he was giving them extra training, no one would report to social worker for fear of being put somewhere worse.. One of his house mates did object what was taking place she was removed she came back traumatised would not speak. They had heard a staff member had raped a defenceless girl. If you had family that wanted to visit they could apply for a section 2 to even deny any relatives from visiting you. They had complete control and many were miserable and i solated.There were only 3 convicted jail terms there are 19 paedophiles who were not identified or charged and the police said the investigation was a large success. How did these people gain access to these childrens homes there were hundreds of children and social workers visited them everyday they must have been aware of the swimming instructor or the football coach because they were visible. They and other paedophiles had somehow had gotten inside these places and to got to abuse these defenceless children. He was convinced there was a paedophile ring running in both south vale and Shirley oaks childrens homes that the authorities knew and did nothing to stop it. Alex urges that the inquires made include a complete investigation of the social serve safeguarding children and protection policies it should examine all aspects of child abuse including violent, neglect and emotional abuse victims often take their lives because of abuse.After the Shirley Oaks was shut down someone s et fire to the primary school he wonders if it was a victim who felt it would be justice for her who for years had went unheard and ignored. He really hopes his account lead help others who have suffered this abuse to come forward and talk about this horrific crimes toward them those strange men must be uncovered and broughtto justice no matter if they are alive or dead.

How Consumer Insight Are Shaping Companies in India Essay Example for Free

How Consumer Insight Are Shaping Companies in India EssayCustomer is King is an adage that around companies across the globe endure embraced. The need to concentrate on customers and be responsive to their demands has long been declare by organizations. However, with globalisation and technological revolution the dynamics of business, the meaning of customer and grocery knowledge have all undergone a transformation.Today, the customer is the controlling factor in business and to be market-driven, an organisation has to recrudesce a culture that constantly listens to the customer, analyses competition and has strategies that meet existing, anticipated and even unanticipated needs of the customer. divergence one step further, organizations must focus on customer relationship management which has given management to customer knowledge management. Given the international environment and knowledge thriftiness, market and customer intelligence serves as a core competency and a principal source of competitive advantage. Leading by sense of hearingPractically every success story in todays corporate realm reflects how sensory faculty of customer needs shapes competitive business strategy. Lets look at some examples. Procter venture When PG, the largest consumer goods company in the world, chose to offer its products to the lower income customer in developing countries, it had research teams associating with the poorest of homes for weeks. This gave the company blue-chip insights, which aided the company in creating a range of products that suited the pockets of this segment, enabling it to gain substantial market share. Amazon.comAmazon.com, the first e-retailer of books in the world, attained competitive advantage by emerging as book lovers meeting place where they could also share knowledge. It maintains customer knowledge through services such as book reviews, assenting to order histories and product recommendations based on preceding orders. Conse quently, Amazon has recorded more than 70% recur orders from its customers. Mahindra MahindraMahindra Mahindras SUV, Scorpio, has experienced enormous success in domestic and international markets. The positioning of Scorpio as an economy SUV was centered on the findings of extensive market visits and exploration of customer needs. The customer needs and wants ascertained were transform into product specifications for Scorpio. Customer groups were consulted at every stage of design and product development. Scorpio was designated as the Car of the stratum by BBC on Wheels shortly after its launch. Indian RailwaysThe amazing transformation of Indian Railways from what was termed as a white elephant to a profit making entity in less than two years has caught the attention of Indian and foreign academic and corporate establishments. This turnaround was not owing to any high-end technology but to a modest information means the passenger feedback form. Data attained from these forms was analysed to identify customer expectations from the Railways. This was supported by a study of the best railways worldwide, and benchmarking with other transportations such as roadways and airlines. The outcome was a complete renovation of trains, stations and railway services to render them passenger-friendly. Needless to say, customers welcomed this change.The above examples highlight that it is vital to listen to customers for a success marketer-customer relationship, where the customer is not just a beneficiary, but a partner. Effective listening, together with strategical initiatives, can bring about a happily-ever-after end to this association.

How Is the Holocaust Represented in Films Essay Example for Free

How Is the final solution Represented in Films EssayThe final solution was the massacre of nearly six jillion Jews in parts of europium controlled by Adolf Hitler and his national socialist comp either leading up to and during World War II. When the national socialist party first came to power in 1933 they began expression on the anti-Semitist feelings in Germany introducing new legislations that gradu both(prenominal)y re move the Jews from society such as the Nuremberg Laws which prohibited join or extramarital sexual intercourse between Jews and German citizens and required Jews to wear an armband with the Star of David on it so they could be identified as a Jew. Encouraged by the Nazis, people began to ostracise Jewish ran businesses and in the November of 1938 they were openly attacked, these pogroms became bedn as Krist completelynacht which in German translates as the Night of bewildered Glass because of the vandalised shops and broken glass windows.During Kristal lnacht over 7,000 Jewish shops and 1,668 synagogues (almost all of the synagogues in Germany) were destroyed and the official decease toll is gildty-one although it is assumed to be much higher. In 1939, later the intrusion of Poland, small areas of towns were part off from the rest of the population whither Jews and Romani were labored to bouncy in confined and overcrowded spaces. These were known as ghettos. The largest was capital of Poland Ghetto, in Poland (where The piano player was set), with over 400,000 people living within its walls. Although it contained at least 30% of the population of Warsaw it occupied only 2.4% of the citys area this meant that the re aspectnts of the ghetto were forced to cram in an average of nine people per room. From 1940 through to 1942 starvation and disease, especially typhoid, killed hundreds of thousands. Over 43,000 residents of the Warsaw ghetto died there in 1941.On January 20th, 1942 a final solution to the Jewish question in Euro pe was devised by the Nazi leaders. Death bivouackings were create in Eastern Europe with new railway systems that were made to transport Jews from early(a)wise countries to these remote areas. Jews, as well as other undesirables such as Romani, Soviet prisoners of war, Polish and Soviet civilians, homosexuals, people with strong-arm or mental disabilities, Jehovahs Witnesses and other political and religious opponents, were travel up from all over Europe and forced into tightly packed rail freight cars like cattle.If they survived the journey, a small fraction of the Jews were deemed shot to work as slave labour. E very(prenominal)one else was sent straight to the gas chambers which were disguised as squander rooms to pr in timet the victims panicking or trying to fight back. People were packed into these shower rooms where the doors were bolted shut down and a small but deadly pellet of Zyklon-B was dropped in and was activated by the heat of hundreds of clement bodies c rammed in together, those inside were dead within twenty minutes. By the end of the war six million Jewish men, women and peasantren had been killed this was much than two-thirds of the Jewish population.We have watched three trains based around the Holocaust. The first of the three The Pianist is a film based on the true story of a Jewish man, Wladysaw Szpilman a storied pianist who worked for a close radio station, living through the Holocaust. The beginning of the film shows the German invasion of Poland, in which Szpilmans radio station is bombed, and the anti-Jewish laws that the Germans enforce in Poland, for example, when Szpilman is ref utilize entry to the park or the caf with his polish friend and made to walk in the gutter to let polish people get particular use of the pavement. Szpilman and his family soon have to move to the Warsaw Ghetto where decease became commonplace due to starvation, disease and take on to rebel against the Nazis.The Nazis treat the Jews ap pallingly they forced some Jews to dance to humiliate themselves for their own entertainment, a little boy is beaten to death for trying to scavenge some nourishment for his starving family and, in one scene, Szpilman watches from an opposite flat as Nazi soldiers tip someone in a rhythm chair out the window because he couldnt stand up when they ordered him to. After some(prenominal) months in the ghetto, Szpilman and his family are chosen to be taken to the Treblinka death camp, however, Szpilman is saved from boarding the train by Itzak Heller, a Jewish police officer, while his family board the train never to be seen again. Szpilman is then be sick to work under gruelling, abusive conditions with the ten per cent or so of the Jews that the Nazis unploughed alive to use for slave labour tearing down the walls that use to separate the ghetto from the rest of Warsaw and rebuilding the houses for new, non-Jewish residents.The Jews who are still alive are planning on rebelling Sz pilman helps smuggling guns into the ghetto. But after almost be caught by a Nazi soldier who suspects he is concealing something in a bag of beans, Szpilman decides to attempt an escape and take his chances hiding in the city. His friend, Dorota, and her husband hide him in an avoid apartment near the ghetto wall where he can get by on smuggled food however he essential not make a noise or go outdoors as there are other, non-Jews living in the building to all believe the room to be empty. From his apartment window he helplessly watches the Jewish ghetto uprising from the 19th of April 1943 to its unsuccessful end on the 16th May. He lives silently in the woebegone apartment for another few months until he accidently smashes a shelf of china plates. Although Szpilman is unhurt the noise alerts other residents to his presence in the abandoned apartment he is forced to tolerate his hideout.Szpilman is hidden once more, with the help of people from the Polish resistance, in anoth er abandoned flat but the man supposed to be providing him with food disappears with the money from generous and unwitting donors, pocketing it all for his self. Dorota and her husband find him gravely ill from lack of nutrition but luckily he recovers in time to witness the Warsaw Uprising. His flat gets bombed during the uprising and Szpilman escapes to the abandoned ghetto where he is found by a merciful Nazi officer, Captain Wilm Hosenfeld. Szpilman plays the piano for him to prove that he is a pianist and the soldier, moved by his playing, finds him food and allows him to remain hidden there. Szpilman hides out here until the end of the war when the German Nazis are rounded up and polish prisoners released.The freed prisoners yell insults at the Germans and Hosenfeld, upon hearing that one of the freed prisoners was a violinist, posits him to contact Szpilman to ask him if he will return the favour of saving him. However, Szpilman is unable to help Hosenfeld as the camp of Naz i prisoners had been moved and Szpilman returns to playing the piano for the Warsaw radio station. As the movie finishes the closing captions on screen govern us that Hosenfeld died in 1952 in a prisoner of war camp but Szpilman continued to live in Warsaw until his death in 2000, aged 88.The second film we watched was The son in the striped Pyjamas this film took a different, perspective of the Holocaust than The Pianist. This film is shown through the point of view of Bruno, the eight-year-old child of a German Nazi officer he doesnt really see the Jews as any different to himself yet despite his innocence Bruno still becomes a victim of the Holocaust At the commencement ceremony of the movie Bruno and his family are moving because his father got a job promotion as Commandant of a Jewish extermination camp. Bruno is upset and lonely because he was forced to leave his friends in Berlin so when he meets Shmuel, a Jewish boy the alike(p) age as Bruno, sitting on the other side of the fence, in the death camp, Bruno immediately befriends him. Shmuel tells Bruno that he is a Jew and that the Jewish people have been imprisoned here by soldiers, who also took their clothes and gave them the striped camp vesture, and that he is hungry.Bruno is confused and starts having doubts roughly his father universe a good person. However, Bruno regularly returns to the fence bringing Shmuel food and playing checkers with him through the fence. When Brunos Mother dos whats actually happening at the camp through a comment by one of the younger soldiers They smell even worse when they burn, she is shocked and appalled as she believed it to be a labour camp. She argues with her Husband, insisting that she and the children should move elsewhere, eventually the Mother wins out but Bruno doesnt want to leave anymore because of his friendship with Shmuel. Shmuel tells Bruno that his father is missing. Bruno gives him the bad news that he will be moving aside for good the next day after lunch.Wanting to make up for letting Shmuel down and unprejudiced that his father has likely been murdered, Bruno agrees to help Shmuel to find his father, and returns the next day with a shovel to dig a hole under the fence to get into the camp, and Shmuel will bring an extra set of camp clothing Shmuels suggestion that he could leave the camp through the hole is rejected by Bruno, who doesnt know what its really like inside the camp and is determined to find Shmuels father. Whilst still inquisitive Bruno and Shmuel get caught up in a crowd of people being marched to the gas chambers where both Bruno and Shmuel are murdered with the other Jews. In the meantime, Brunos Mother tells his Father, who was in a meeting about increasing the capacity of the gas chambers, that Bruno is missing.They find Brunos clothes next to the hole under the fence and realise that he got into the death camp. His Father runs throughout the camp when he reaches the gas chamber, he realises tha t Bruno has been brought to the gas chamber with the other Jews, but when He arrives it is too late, the boys are already dead and he is devastated. Upon hearing the Fathers holler out of Bruno his Mother and his sister, Gretel, realise what has happened and are equally devastated. The ending of this film has an element of retribution as Brunos father, who has killed thousands of Jewish children, finally gets a taste of what its like to lose his child.Finally, the last movie that we watched was behavior is attractive. This film was set in Italy about the main character, Guido, a young, Jewish, man who at the first step of the film moves to the city with his friend to work at his uncles restaurant where he meets his future wife, Dora, although incomplete knows it yet. During the beginning of the film you can see how the anti-Semitist feelings built up it Italy for instance when the school children are meant to be lectured on the superior race, when someone paints Beware, Jewish horse on Guidos Uncles horse, the augury on the shop reading No dogs, no Jews and, later in the film, when Guido and Dora are married, despite the item that Guidos a Jew and Doras Italian, people trash their house.On Joshua (Guido and Doras son) birthday the Germans arrest Guido, Joshua and Guidos uncle are taken onto the train to be taken to the death camp Dora insists on going with them even though she isnt a Jew eventually the Nazi gives in and puts her on the train where she is included with the other Jewish women. Guido is devastated to see his non-Jewish wife board the train. Protecting his son from the horrific truth, Guido tells Joshua that they are simply on a big holiday camp, and he turns the camp into a big game for Joshua, saying that they must win 1000 points to win a real tank and leave. Luckily Guidos quick intellection saves Joshua from the truth when a German officer requires a translator.Despite not speaking a say of German, Guido steps forward and makes up t he Regole del Campo from the Germans body language, claiming that tanks, scoreboards and games of Hide and Seek litter the camp, while cleverly stating that Joshua cannot cry, ask for his mother or declared hes hungry, resulting in the loss of the game, in other words, death. Joshua later refuses to take a shower (repeated from an earlier part in the film), and unknowingly escapes being gassed, so Guido hides him with the help of other Italian prisoners, since there are no other children. Playing messages over the speakers for Dora, kept prisoner on the other side of the camp, lets Dora know her son and husband are alive, while the Nazis dont speak Italian.With the help of Guidos former German friend, Herr Lessing, Guido hides Joshua amongst the German children, while waiting the German Officers meals. Hiding Joshua in a junction box for the last time, telling him that everyone is looking for him, Guido jeopardises his own natural selection to prevent the Germans discovering Joshua , while he attempts to free Dora, giving his own life away at the same time. Once the Germans realise theyve lost the what they desert the camp, closely followed by the surviving Jews escaping, then, when the Americans make into the seemingly deserted camp the following morning Joshua comes out of hiding just as a tank pulls around the corner so Joshua believes that he has won the Game. Hitching a lift out, Joshua vagabond his mother reuniting as the film ends.Although all three of these movies are based on the Holocaust each one uses different themes and different view points. Firstly, The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is filmed from a very innocent, child view point. Bruno is very young and the difference between Jew and German doesnt matter to him he doesnt understand what might be considered wrong in befriending Shmuel. A similar viewpoint is used in Life Is Beautiful where Joshua doesnt know whats going on because his father told him it was a game. I think that this perspective very effective in displaying the horrors and injustice of the Holocaust and, personally, it makes for a more entertaining film as it uses the audiences sympathies to make them more emotionally involved with the plot.However, in displaying historical fact within the film this take has disadvantages because what makes the main characters so innocent is their lack of understanding of their situation which of course makes it harder for the film to be both educating and entertaining. The Pianist, however, has a much more grown up speak to as, being based on a true story, it sticks to the facts and I felt that I learnt more from that film then I did from the other two. A similar theme that emerges in all three of these films is family. In The Pianist Szpilman loses his family early on in the film, although he seems quite close to them before, and he struggles to survive without them believably feeling lonely all those month in hiding with no one with him for company.In The Boy in the S triped Pyjamas you see how Brunos family are driven apart by their conflicting opinions of the Holocaust Brunos father is a strong believer in Nazi policy and the commandant of the death camp, however, his Mother is quite shocked and appalled when she learns the truth of whats happening at the death camp and insists on moving away with the kids, whereas Bruno is young and confused as hes been brought up being told that Jews are basically evil and German soldiers, like his father, are good but when he befriends Shmuel he realises that some Jews are nice, like Shmuel, and begins to doubt his father. Contrast to this, in Life is Beautiful you see how Joshuas family grow closer together because of the Holocaust they stick together for each other and Guido even sacrifices himself in hope of saving Joshua.Although we often assume that all of the Nazi soldiers were evil, the issue of good and bad Germans is brought up in all three of these films. Firstly, in The Pianist although most Germa ns are portrayed as evil, the Nazi officer, Captain Hosenfeld, saves Szpilman from starvation or being found and, towards the end of the movie, when hes a prisoner and begging for help you begin to sympathise with him a bit more, especially when its revealed that he died on the caption.Then, in Boy in the Striped Pyjamas Bruno befriends Shmuel, and Brunos Mother and Grandmother openly disagree with Nazi views, which makes you think not to stereotype all Germans as evil. And lastly, in Life I Beautiful although no German steps out and helps Guido and his family, you do see a doctor (who Guido knew before he was forced to work at the death camp) beginning to lose his stability because the work he is forced to do goes against all his moral values. This adds another layer to the evil Germans assumption because maybe not all of them were doing it willingly so therefore does that make them bad?

Social Normalities and Voicing of Opposition Essay Example for Free

Social Normalities and Voicing of Opposition EssayBrian Crane Throughout history, social norms guard dictated the opinions of all members of society to a certain extent. Expressing disapproval of these social norms is a difficult and determined task, seeing as one challenging a social norm is essentially disputing, in admission to very much disproving, the reasoning and opinions of the majority of any addicted culture. Take, for example, the ending of ones own life under the component of terminal figure illness.Now, our basic and most common cultural view on the subject is that self-annihilation is non a inherent oddment and therefore a violation of record regardless of nes physical condition. However, it is nature itself that has given us as humans the intellect to contemplate such a decision. If nature has enabled us to develop the intellectual ability to contemplate suicide, then one could argue that choosing to end ones life is in f operation a intrinsic death s imply because nature has allowed us to examine the pros and cons of life or death.However, this is non to say that suicide based on emotional imbalance is in any instruction Just or morally acceptable. Mental illnesses, which often bring about suicidal deation, can be treated, therefore ridding one of all motivation to end their own life. Generally, those who suffer from mental illnesses can non be held accountable for their own life because the affective disorder inhibits them from perceiving reality the way they once did.So, the argument that the time of our death should not be a decision we as humans can morally make is close to valid although precise misguided. It is wrong to look down upon terminally ill people who choose suicide as their cause of death. The many different circumstances leading up to ones death akes this root a give care complex for one to claim that choosing life over death is morally applicable and correct in every situation that involves the contemplat ion of suicide.John West discusses his paternitys decision to end his life before unchanging the pain, suffering, and eventual death caused by cancer in an excerpt from The Last Goodnights Assisting My Parents with Their Suicides. Judging from this excerpt, West and his induce seem to be very well rounded, cultured individuals in addition to being extremely generate minded and emotionally balanced. Wests father was a very mportant fgure in the world of psychiatry. His knowledge on the topic of suicide is obviously very extensive.Their opinions and examinations of this topic are indeed equally as rational as they themselves are as people. Dealing with the death of a parent is hard enough emotionally as it is, but the fact that West is grounded enough to grapple with the complexity and sorrow of assisted suicide is a testament to his extreme emotional maturity. He sheds light on a crucial point in support of his fathers decision as he asks the reader, Should Jolly my father have b een forced to endure a a couple of(prenominal) much days or eeks of agony Just to satisfy some peoples notions that death should be natural? (33 West) If one were to explore the possible answers to the question West asks above, without an impartial view based on societal baffles, it is undeniable that one would agree with the opinion that such a great deal of suffering is not necessary to tultill the requirements ot a morally sound death In tact, it is arguable that Wests decision to assist his father with his suicide and in-turn spare him from such a great deal of pain is actually a more compassionate choice in comparison to xposing him to months of unimaginable pain by denying his fathers request.Again, West implies that suicide is not a natural death. A supplemental argument to his case is missing. If one were to argue that suicide and natural death cannot possibly go hand in hand, then why has nature allowed our intellect to jump to a point at which suicide is even a possib le conception for the human extend? Later on in the excerpt, West reflects on his memory of when his father asked him to commit assisted suicide. He recalls I sat up in my chair. I suddenly felt hot and cold at the same time, as I realized hat he meant.But as powerfully as his words registered, the idea behind them didnt seem strange at all. It made sense. He was about to violate anyway, so why linger in pain? I knew Id want to do the same amour if I were in his position. (34 West) Jollys contemplation of suicide is undoubtedly a common one of people with homogeneous situations to his own. Most would find it hard to believe that this wouldnt cross the mind of a person with a terminal illness that would soon lead to unimaginable pain and suffering, take overed by death.If exploration of suicide is in act a common happening, why is it that the practice of suicide to avoid agony followed by death is not more common as well? It seems as though the answer to this question is quite wide-eyed It is socially unacceptable to commit such an act solely because it is abnormal. Because abnormality is not a aware or rational reason not to do something, making the argument that suicide is not a morally righteous death is in-turn irrational and insensible as well. Another challenger of social norms is Catherine Newman, originator of I Do. Not. Why I Wont Marry.Although Newman discusses a very different topic than West does in his short story, the two subjects are very closely related. Newman is a successful writer with a belittled too much insight on the role of women in society, and the flaws of this role, to happily accept monogamy and more importantly trade union. She breaks down the history of marriage and its original role in society. Marriage represents a very evil concept that very few are even aware of. Newman describes it is as such marriage is about handing the woman off, like a baton, from her father to her husband.Also known as traffic in women, this i s how men have historically solidified their economic connections to other men and guaranteed the continuation of their Seed. (Newman 61) Women were more like bargaining chips for men than soulmates. Marriage is the legal bonding of two families, which doesnt sound very romantic as marriage is made out to be. Although women are no longer owned by their husbands, this ritual is tranquillize quite demeaning. Many women experience some feelings of inferiority and in-turn feelings of resentment towards men due to the heavy influence of the media and its bjectification of women.Newman seems to be a prime example of this. Her additional education on the history of the subject has given her an even greater grasp of the hardships of women in our contemporary society which are overlooked more often than not by the general population. Voicing out against the social norm of marriage is extremely praiseworthily and in addition, a betterment of the mentality ot those who are exposed to the und erlying implications ot such an act by dint of ner courageous writing. It seems as though many social norms have become so routine to follow and abide y that we rarely ponder the ideas behind them.

Dracula, Bram Stoker A Religious Analysis

genus genus Dracula, Bram Stoker A Religious AnalysisBefore the Victorian time of the nineteenth century, faith in Christ was pretty much a necessity in Europe. provided Christianity underwent its challenges with the theory of evolution anticipated by Charles Darwin. This take downt made people in industrialized cities, and to the highest degree of their views of Christ, dissipate. After the drastic change in peoples views, the idea of the Anti-Christ, in most Christians was highly thought about. near speculated that the Anti-Christ was already walking with them and were cosmosy different ideas of what he looked like. In Bram Stokers Dracula, Stoker simulates Dracula as the Anti-Christ by using many beliefs from Christianity to exhibit abundant amounts of the evaluation of the influence of Dracula with the influence of God, Anti-Christian morals, and superstitious beliefs.In this fictional novel, Dracula has certain powers that the other characters surely do not. A agglomerat e of these powers, to Christians, are characteristics of what no man but God could constitute. The only difference is that unlike God, Dracula uses these powers for roughshod. One theoretical account is the position that Dracula can change the weather around him. In chapter eight, when Dracula is trying to transport his boxes of reality to Carfax, he crashes the ship by creating a fierce storm. The waves rose in growing fury and The rick roared like thunder, and blew with such force that it was with difficulty that even strong men kept their feet(Stoker 87) This event shines a light on his character because it eventually kills everyone on the ship. Killing innocent people when he didnt have to because he was selfish does portray the Anti-Christ in him. Christians also believing that taking the life of a sister of God is a sure-fire way of going to hell (The Ten Commandments) surely puts him in the course of study of demonic.Christians believe that in order to go to heaven an d having an eternal life with God, digesting Gods body and blood (Holy Communion) is vital. For Dracula, he is residually undead, by consuming the blood of the existing to thrive and to gain his power. Doing this, Dracula counts on human beings to compensate his undead being and not directed on God as the foundation. It is also said that you must permit God into your heart Dracula cannot come into a persons home unless invited in. In the Bible, Christ is known as the light, which signifies bliss or life. Dracula moves to an honest-to-goodness abandoned Church not used anymore which can show that God is no longer present which would accomplish Draculas purpose of spreading evil.Dracula is in addition looked as the Anti-Christ by sharing comparisons with Jesus but in wicked ways. As Dracula moves to Carfax and begins his voyage on to feeding on his victims, just as God had his disciples, Dracula has his followers as well. Renfield is a prime object lesson of Draculas disciple. I am not even concerned in His especially phantasmal doings. If I may state my intellectual position I am, so far as concerns things stringently terrestrial, somewhat in the position which Enoch occupied spiritually(287) A few times on the book, when Renfield discusses Dracula, Dracula place or as a pronoun is always capitalized in Christ, most people would refer to God in that manner. Readers can infer that Renfield thinks of Dracula as his master. Another reason readers think that Renfield is Draculas follower is that Renfield wants to be Draculas wing- man as Enoch was a follower of God.Another power in which Dracula uses most of the time is accompaniment that he can control animals. In the first chapter Jonathan Harker notices that he saw Dracula stand in the roadway. As he swept his long arms, as though brushing aside some nonphysical obstacle, the wolves fell back and back further still.(18) This is a very strange and scary thing that even God cant do. Also the fact that he only control dog, wolves, bats, and rats are quite elicit because most Christians say that the Anti Christ was the ruler of the night. In the Bible, God is passed on as the light, which signifies delectation or life. This is a coincidence because these animals are creatures of the night, and Dracula has an influence over all of them. Another disassociate where he does this is when he breaks into Lucys house to kiss her. There was a crash at the window, and a lot of downcast glass was hurled on the floor. The window blind blew back with the wind that rushed in, and in the aperture of the broken panes there was the head of a great, gaunt gray wolf.(157). He controls the wolf into breaking in because Dracula desperately needs blood and would do anything to get his hands on his prey, even if that means pain in the ass others to get to them.Draculas Anti-Christ ways are more protruded by the superstitious beliefs invented by Christians. In the first chapter, when Jonathan Harker de parts to Draculas castle, the old lady puts rosary round my neck and said, For your mothers sake. (9) One of the common superstitions is that devoted objects, in this situation holy beads, will shield you from all wicked, which in Jonathans case, is Dracula. When Jonathan slashes himself shaving the next day and Dracula starts to attack him, he notices the beads and the crucifix and backs down.You should not put your faith in such objects of deceit(31). This is a prime example of Draculas hatred towards God. This also proves that Dracula is the anti-Christ because he cant even approach rosary without harming him. Another example in which this superstition shows his anti-Christian self is later in the novel where Van Helsing utilizes the communion wafers to prevent Dracula from getting into his coffins. Once Dracula notices that there are holy objects around is boxes of earth, he cannot go in them. So much hatred for holy objects, to the point where he has to repel from them proves that Dracula is definitely the Anti-Christ. yet though there are a lot more examples to prove that Dracula might be the Anti-Christ, it is certain that Dracula epitomizes Anti-Christian values and mistreatment of Christianity. In numerous traditions Dracula is symbolized as the essence of sin. Into these closing stages, he is overcome by godliness. By illustrating a similarity between Dracula and anti-Christian beliefs, Dracula employs loads of scriptural meanings. In Bram Stokers Dracula, Stoker uses Dracula as a capsule, to trap in all the hate and evil by using countless viewpoints from Christian beliefs to show the signs of Anti-Christianity.

Military Culture: A Dynamic Phenomenon

warfargon machine ending A Dynamic Phenomenon multitude flori goal is a dynamic phenomenon which lowgoes evolution in consonance with changing environments. Effects of revisions may non be sudden or abrupt still everyplace a period of sequence however the variations in environment shake off potential to alter the entire acknowledgment of an soldiers. Sequel to this, system of rulesal lurchs engender direct bearing on host socialisation, as they define the modus vivendi of a armament check. These changes coupled with increased requirements of change outfits due to intrinsic geographical diversity have catalyzed cultural releases in our war machine. These sm solelyer and split upicular set ups have actu entirelyy maked/ samely to lead to a no of variant or sub- enculturations in the legions. This sub-cultural shift if not controlled and channelized may result into serious mutations from our actu altogethery strong, seasoned and intimately evolved troops set as well as culture.In view of above, carryout an in depth theatre of change in the culture of Pakistan array attributable to makeupal changes as well as concept of specialized outfits with a view to suggest remedial measures to offset any ill-tendencies / disadvantages.. victimize cultivation is diverse in temperament. It exists everywhere on this earth. Pakistan is has a rich Culture which is a become of various cultures that existed in the subcontinent during the pre- occasionition era. Our psycho-social and socio-economic environment has deteriorated over the past decades. The employment of units in poor boy Conventional Warf be in the last decade and due to Indians Pro Active Operations out frontier has affected the armed services culture in Pakistan array. The troops culture whether it is affected by the organizational changes and establishing of the planet washbasintonments or not is a question that has been discussed in this paper. The social and cultural proble ms wish well reduced honest values, increased careerism, individualism etc has greatly influenced the phalanx life manner. The array culture which had very strong values, customs and traditions is undergoing a process of degradation. More so the media and general awareness has overly played a major occasion in giving rise to materialistic approach among the officers and soldiers alike.This study has highlighted the reasons for the degeneration of military culture and also authorises certain recommendations which can reduce the level of deterioration and revive the lost traditions which are a hallmark of our military machine Culture.TABLE OF CONTENTSS/No Title PagePreliminaries1 Theme ii2 Abstract iii3 Table of Contents ivPart-I4 a. Basic definitions and diachronic perspective 2b. Roots of Military Culture of Sub Continent 10c.Part-Il5 a. organizational / role changes over past 16decade in Pakistan ground forcesb. Strengths of Military Culture 17c. De defining in Military Culture due to Changes 19in organization and RolePart-Ill6 Effects of socio-cultural disorder on Pakistan Army 23Part-IV7 Recommendations 278 Bibliography 33 effects OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES AND CREATION OF SPECIALIZED UNITS ON MILITARY CULTUREAn Army without culture is dull witted army, and a dull witted army cannot defeat the enemyMoa Tse TungIntroduction1. Cultural and social changes have been a dominant part of the evolution of gaykind. Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and any some other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of monastic order1. Military parliamentary procedure is a quaint and distinct entity with its birth sub-culture. This form of culture provides an environment under which leadership and focus are exercised in the armed forces. Military culture is often determined and modified by the nature of the society of its origin. Although the elements of the military culture like training, discipline, codes, conditioning etceteras play a pivotal role to fetch about changes in the cultural traits of military personnel, the cultural traits of the society remains its very foundation.2. For a military outfit it is extremely central to have a team equipped with an enriched military culture which can deliver in the hour of need. What makes a soldier fight? In some cases it is the motivation based on ideology, in others it may be materialistic motives. It takes a wide span of time to inculcate all those attributes which a soldier postulate to withstand challenges in the combat. This is a whole time commitment where one spends much time in dealing with barteral choirs than with normal society. History is witness to the fact that military culture has played a key role in the final outcome of many skirmishs. Culture is a barometer of societys health. An eroded culture will be a reflection of the illness of a society and vice versa.3. After 9/11, not only affected the soc iety of our country but also transformed the military culture of Pakistan Army a jam. The Sub Conventional Wars in Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Swat and areas of Balochistan resulted in formation of new specialized outfits with specific tasks. Indians Pro Active system has also resulted in the organizational changes as well in the form of establishment of new satellite stations/ cantonments. These organizational changes has affected the military culture in Pakistan Army prevailing a decade ago resulting in the deformation of already established military customs, traditions and culture. There is a dire need to identify the deformation that has interpreted ordain and the effort that is required to remove/ correct them.Aim4. To carry out an in depth study of changes in Pakistan Army culture in historic perspective, current changes in the culture attributable to organizational / specialized outfit related transformations, with a view to suggesting remedial measures to offset the deformation in the military culture.PART-IBASIC DEFINITIONS AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEBasic Definitions5. In order to undertake the study it is imperative to get wind the following basic concepts so as to build a sound base for the analysis.a. Society. The English excogitate society emerged in the 15th century and is derived from the French word societe. The French word, in turn, had its origin in the Latin word societas, which means a friendly association with others, from socius meaning companion, associate, and comrade or profession partner. The Latin word is probably related to the verb sequi, to follow, and thus originally may have meant follower2. In governmental science, the term is often used to mean the totality of human relationships, generally in bank line to the State, i.e., the apparatus of rule or government within a territory. In the social sciences such as sociology, society has been used to mean a group of batch that form a semi-closed social system, in w hich most interactions are with other individuals belonging to the group. Societies may also be organized according to their political structure. In order of increasing size and complexity, there are bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and state societies. These structures may have vary degrees of political power, depending on the cultural geographical and historical environments that these societies must contend with. Thus, a more disjunct society with the same level of technology and culture as other societies is more likely to give-up the ghost than one in closer proximity to others that may encroach on their resources. A society that is unable(p) to offer an effective response to other societies it competes with will usually be sub fited into the culture of the competing society.b. Ethos. Ethos, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is defined as the characteristic spirit, prevalent tone of sentiment, of a people or community the genius of an institution or system, although it originally has its root in the Greek word etho or to be given up to3. In a place where one might gather often, the opportunity for developing communal values indefinitely arises. These types of values are those which are established in the meaning of ethos. Therefore, to be a wide example of ethos, one most portray the types of traits that are most valued within a society which sometimes differs for every society. For example, those virtues as related to Athens would be justice, courage, temperance, magnificence, magnanimity, liberality, gentleness, prudence, and wisdom.4c. Culture. Culture is defined as the sum of symbols, ideas, forms of expression, and material products associated with a social system. It is a dynamic medium through which societies create a bodied way of life reflected in such things as beliefs, values, music, literature, art, dance, science, religious ritual, and technology. In this sense, it is literally the source from which we create most of what we experi ence as reality, and as such its place in human life is hugely important5. Culture is the integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief and behavior. Culture thus consists of language, ideas, beliefs, customs, taboos, codes, institution, tools, techniques, work of art, rituals, ceremonies, and other related components. Some researchers say that culture is concerned with the state of mind, spirit and civilization. Even human society also enjoys its own particular culture, or socio-culture system which overlaps with other systems. Variations among socio-cultural system are attributed to natural habits and stretches to the range of possibilities. Culture is inherent in various areas of activity, such as language, rituals and customs. The attitude, values, ideals and beliefs of individuals are greatly influenced by the culture in which they live. Precisely, culture is the sum total of the ways of life of people in a particular society. Culture is the key to understanding a group, has a lot of practical value to a sociologist. If we know the culture and its implication for man or group of men, we can predict certain part of their behavior, and explain most of its part actions. Following aspects of culture are vital6.(1) Culture is a ceaselessly changing process. It adapts itself to new situation and environment though it is not observed since the changing process is sooner slow apparently but has deep under currents.(2) Whenever culture of a society is dilated upon, the instance of that society is not protected.d. Mores. Mores are norms that reflect deeply held cultural ideals about how people should behave. Mores make more important distinctions, such as those between good and evil, virtuous and sinful, laudable and repugnant. A societys mores define standards of behaviour that are more serious and punishment for their violation tends to be both more certain and more severe. Mores hide beyond the rightness or wrongness of certain acts to the most profound idea s about life in a society is supposed to be about7.e. Military Culture. The military society is a unique and a distinct entity with its own sub culture. This form of culture provides an environment under which leadership and management are exercised in the armed forces. Military culture is often determined and modified by the nature of the society and of its origin, although, the elements of culture like training, discipline ,codes, conditioning etc play a significant role to bring about changes in the cultural traits of military personnel, nevertheless, the cultural traits of the entire society remains as the foundation. Since differences or changes in cultural traits are brought about by these elements, they become factors of consideration, particularly in crisis or battle situation. The performance and conduct of soldiers in crisis and battle are the sum total of cultural traits they have imbibed over a period. Military culture is generally based on ideals of repay, sacrifice an d discipline, thereby appearing incompatible from the traditional value system of any society. The extent of attainment of these ideals account for the professional rating of the military. This whence differentiates a professional army from a nonprofessional one. Pakistan Army evolved along with the history of the nation itself and has go through modifications of its military culture at various critical times. The different stages that the army experienced has helped to modify its culture to what it is today exercising both positive and negative trends on its professionalism.Historical Perspective6. Genesis of Military Culture in a Global Perspective. Military culture can be traced back to the contemporaries of human society itself. The amouring phenomenon is that despite the wide diversity of the worlds cultural scene, military culture all over, has the same basic ingredients and therefore cannot be isolated drastically from the subject area culture. Military culture breeds r espect, notice and regard for fellow soldiers. Its builds a positive culture in which its members live. It is the mainstay of any successful military organization8. Military culture, apart from geographical influences, also has deep historical roots in the propagation of the particular army as well. The armies raised by the colonial powers take for the imprints of colonial occupation in their overall outlook. As humans developed their dwellings into communal groups and the network of tribal society began spreading, so did the profession of arms. Initially all members of the clan were supposed to take up arms whenever circumstances necessitated acquiring or retaining. As civilization grew larger, different people took to different walks of life. This was the origin of professionals. In order to understand the genesis of military culture in its broader perspective, Ancient civilizations of Egypt and Greece will be mention here-a. Military Culture of Ancient Egypt. Egypt is known a s a globe of ancient wisdom9. By the 1468 BC, small groups of people started settling down along the banks of the Nile. These settlements became small villages and in time the headman of one village grew stronger and more powerful than his neighbours. Finally his descendants became rulers were known as Pharaohs and there subjects worshiped them as gods10. The first Pharaoh to rule the demesne of upper and lower Nile was Menes, but Hyksos was the first ruler who organized the army and gave birth to the ancient military culture of Egypt. The Hyksos dynasty were driven out by Ahmes in 1567 BC, and from his time onwards, the practice of methods of war became an essential part of the Pharaohs training curriculum. The cities needed dedicated people to defend them and the state needed a powerful army to implement its policies within and without. The Army was the only tangible instrument of power, so great care was taken to indoctrinate its members in a way that that believed in the divin ity of the monarch. The important components were-(1) Chivalry.(2) Courage.(3) Honour.(4) Duty.(5) Patriotism.(6) Sense of Sacrifice.(7) Fidelity.(8) Unquestioned Obedience.(9) idol of the Cause.b. Military Culture of the Greeks. Greeks are a part of our mental furniture, our cultural baggage. Alternatively, they are the rock on which the painfully constructed edifices of our experiences actually rest11. But which Greeks are they, precisely, whom we should look back to, to trace the genesis of military culture? Alexander, the greatest flag bearer of Greek Culture, was not a Greek but a Macedonian. Nevertheless, Greeks were a warrior people. War, as Heraclites of Ephesus spue it round about 500 BC, is the king and father of all things and all men, some he makes free some slaves. War in ancient Greece, defined the political rights and responsibilities of citizens and colonies, as well as providing a peculiarly chooseing test of brute physique and mental expertness. It drew the lin e between the free and the unfree both within the Greek world and between the Greeks and the surrounding bucolic or non-Greek cultures. Apart from their cardinal values of their military culture, the Greeks had moral opposition to militarism that sets classical Greek military culture apart from that of the peoples, ancient or modern, making it ancestral in particular to Western military culture12.ROOTS OF MILITARY CULTURE OF SUB CONTINENT7. The Indus Valley civilization and culture emerged in about 2500 B.C. Later in tertiary century BC, King Ashoka gave a concept of highly adept and professional Army to the subcontinent. Military culture based on Ashokas values of bravery and wisdom, flourished in the land for the centuries to come.Early Muslim Conquests and Our Military Culture(1) In too soon 8th century, Muhammad Bin Qasim defeated genus Raja Dahirs army at Hyderabad. This exposed people of Subcontinent to the Islamic military culture based on brotherhood, bravery, justice, equality, honour and sacrifice.(2) The next major exposure to our military culture was of Muslim sultanate which was established in Delhi by early 13th century. In 16th century the Mongols, who were the decedents of Genghis Khan swept over the mountain passes from Central Asia came to this region. Now, in like manner the balanced culture of Islam, the harsh culture of YASA (the constitution of the Genghis Khan), the cast-ridden culture of Hinduism and soft culture of Buddhists and Confucius got induced into the military culture of Subcontinent.The British Colonial earned run average(1) The next cultural big bang occurred due to the stretch of British on the scene. The British restructured and reorganized the local forces. British Raj influenced various facets of our military culture like customs, institutions, and ceremonies.(2) In British Indian Army, religious tendencies were not advocated rather British officers laid emphasis on loyalty, duty and regimentation. They presented n ew ideas like mess culture and the creation of rank of Junior Commissioned ships officer (JCO). They also created phenomenal training institutions like Military College Jhelum and Command and Staff College Quetta. So our military culture till independence was a cluttered culture of various civilizations and did not have a bingle theme to be pursued.Transition Period (1947 1953). 1947 brought new dreams, new hopes and new challenges for the new army. That was the right time to identify our true military culture and shun all cast-off(prenominal) elements. But unfortunately that could not happen because at the time of independence Pakistan gird Forces were deficient of officers. The shortage of officers, forced Pakistan Armed Forces to retain almost 500 British officers on contract at senior command and staff appointments, who well-kept status quo. Therefore, Pakistan Armed Forces could not find their cultural identity in its new composite entity. insularism of the residual Briti sh officers in 1953 was the beginning of the development of a new military culture.Consolidation Era (1953 1971). This phase witnessed political instability and the appointment of General Ayub Khan as the Commander-In- primary(prenominal). This era brought the idea of martial Law in the Pakistan Armed Forces. Present shortcomings in our present military culture, due to interactions with the civilians, have their roots embedded in the time systema skeletale of consolidation era i.e. from 1953 to 1971. Another important happening in this time frame was the realization that we should give away the British traditions and in this search of our identity and national fleece, the pride in affiliation with the British Crown was disowned by symbolic removal of the word munificent that preceded all unit designations. This era also saw 1965 War. The armed forces enjoyed an intimate backing from the civilian large number and the war made soldiers as national heroes.e. Period From 1971 197 7(1) This era witnessed the darkest turn in our landed estateal history. Nation faced a political defeat in a military arena.(2) On the contrary, the strength of the Armed Forces was not decreased and the Government maintained a strong and efficient military. Our culture did not change much in this period but the masses and the Armed Forces started feeling the requirement of integrating the Islamic values into their daily lives.f. Period From 1977 1988(1) This era again brought the Armed Forces to the center stage of national politics. In this phase, religion remained central to General Zias philosophy. Changes such as comprehensive ban on drinking were implemented. A cultural shift from a westernized life style to a more Islamic life style started to begin.(2) Military co-operation with other countries ameliorate. It was estimated that about 30,000 Pakistani troops were stationed in 24 different countries in 1983. This brought a wave of prosperity among the officers and men. Ther e was a swift shift of culture in this time frame from western style to core oriental and Islamic way of military life style. This was the era whose impressions can still be found in our present military culture.Period From 1988 1999. This era was characterized by classless rule and political instability. In a span of seven years, four governments were changed. Due to self interest of various political parties, the political atmosphere remained charged. In spite of tall claims, the economic state humbled and remote investment decreased due to rampant corruption, deteriorating law and order and political instability. During this decade, both India and Pakistan became overtly nuclear. This gave a temporary boost to theme spirit and the public sentiments aroused. This was immediately followed by the Kargil Campaign. Our culture, however, did not change much during this decade.Period From 1999 to 2007(1) General Pervaiz Musharaf took over as Chief Executive after military coup. suf ficient / suitable Retired military / civilians were appointed as heads of prime organizations which gave an economic boost to these organizations. This era also attracted foreign investment, offered better job opportunities and increase in foreign exchange reserves. Some of its achievements were-(a) WAPDA was saved by the Army from total disaster.(b) Pakistan Railways was rescued and it started giving profit.(c) Steel Mill also started giving profit.(d) Media became independent and a lot of private channels were opened.(2) The events of 9 / 11 changed the complexion of international environment and perception of our people. Government intractable to become an ally of NATO forces on Global War on Terror (GWOT). Effects of this strategic shift can be seen even today. In later stage of his reign General Musharraf lost his pride as a leader which had direct influence on the image of the Army. This era can handily be termed as one man show. The episode of Dr Abdul Qadir Khan, assassin ation of Akbar Bugti, Lal Masjid operation and removal of Chief Justice, holding of President office world in undifferentiated and emergency declared on 3rd Nov 2010 were some of the controversial decisions resulted in the decline of Musharafs era.i. 2008 till todate(1) Army pulled out from all political institutions. Elections were held and governmental Government was set in. Inefficient people with accelerated promotions got appointed as heads of prime institutions. At occasions, National and Provincial Assemblies gave a picture of fish market. The institution which had the public mandate lost its value, resultantly all organization from transport (PIA and railways) to energy sectors are on verge of collapse. Corruption, outlaw(a)ness, injustice, worst energy short fall, unabated ostentatiousness and price-hike have further compounded the situation in the country. There seems to be no strategy to give relief to the commoners. Uncontrolled and un-steered media became a monster. Instead of providing strength to the society it started to bash various organizations with Army as no exception. Presently, talk shows have become famous for blame game and use of un-parliamentary language. Some of the under mentioned incidents clearly show planned Army bashing by media and politicians-(a) 2nd May incident.(b) Memogate scandal.(c) Salala post incident.(d) North Atlantic Treaty Organization supplies issue.(2) However, during this period Army totally remained focused on military affairs and improved its image. Professionalism came back and training took the center stage. Some of the highlights of this period are appended below-Army level war games (AzmeNau series).Year of soldier with introduction of Base line menu.Pay package was considerably increased.Introduction of Yum e Shuhada including Shuhada package.Year of training focusing back to basics.Army level study periods.Incentive of free uniform and plots for JCOs / soldiers.Revision of policies.Improvement in In formation Technology environment (inclusion of Office Automated System).Success of Military Operation in Swat.Management of Internally displaced personnel (IDPs).Introduction of combat dress.Enhanced accountability.PART IIOrganizational / Role Changes over Past Decade in Pakistan Army8. Organizational Changes. After the incident of 9/11 and the following Global War on Terrorism brought not only changes to the Pakistani Society but also had definite changes onto the military culture of Pakistan Army. It changed the outlook of almost entire army as to how it looked before its commitment in the Sub Conventional Warfares operations. It definitely had some positive aspects to its consultation but as far as military culture is concerned it brought some drastic unwanted changes and deformation. The organizational changes that took place during this decade were-a. Commitment of Army in civilian affairs to include monitor of various state run institutions which were decaying due to ineffic iency, which included-(1) WAPDA.(2) Government educational institute.(3) Hospitals.(4) Census.(5) Elections.(6) Railways.(7) Pakistan Steels and others.b. Pakistan Army moved to the lawless Federally Administered Tribal Area along the Durand line after the invasion of Afghanistan by United States of America. Pakistan Army moved to these areas for the first time after the independence. The units and formations those were deployed have a changed role not previously good or known to them. They were not properly trained for this type of warfare. These units had to undergo changes not only in their role but also in their military culture due to the changed environment. These changes in the military cultures were demand of the situation and time. With the passage of time these unwanted deformation in the military customs and cultures came with these changes in the organization and roles of the units and formations of army.9. Evolution of Special Units/Outfits. The last decade saw changes in terms of evolution of specialized outfit and units. The raising of these units, outfits and organizations vastly improve the combat potential of the Pakistan Army. The evolution and raising of these new units and outfits was the need of the hour. These specialized units were trained equipped and stationed at special locations in consonance with their operational roles. The examples in case are Light Commando Battalions and Units of Army Strategic Force Command. Due to their peculiar roles and task, these units were cut off from the flake life of a cantonment adversely affecting the military culture of these outfits.10. Establishments of Satellite Station/Cantonments. In the last one decade, Indian Army has been evaluating and practicing its Pro Active Operations Strategy. This strategy has serious consequences for Pakistan Army resulting in the construction and establishments of new forward cantonments/satellite stations. Pakistan Armys response to Indians Pro Active Operations Strategy is New Concept of War Fighting. This entailed moving of troops to forward locations during the peace time. This factor has further put troops and officers away from the main cantonments and away from the military cultures. This also includes affecting the training and grooming of all ranks.11. Strengths of Military Culture. Pakistan Armed Forces enjoys the reputation of being a professional combat force capable of taking on any operational task. This has been proved time and again by our troops engaged in the nation building, United Nations peace keeping missions and during war with India. Some of the strengths of our military culture are-a. attribute of National Unity. Ever since its emergence, military has maintained its nationalistic ethos despite various cultural, ethnic, religious rifts gripping Pakistani society. The military has a stature of being above these, thus acting as a unify force for the country. The role it played in subduing the anti national forces ha s earned them the respect and are being viewed as the Symbol of National Unity.b. Strength of Institution. The institution of armed forces is constituted on strong ideological foundations of defense of the motherland from internal and external threats.c. National Army. Military culture has an inherent flexibility of cordially accepting all individuals without any discrimination of caste, creed or colour. A large number of Balochi young has been inducted in all arms and services of Pakistan Army not only to bring them in mainstream but also to make Pakistan Army as true National Army. It approves healthy competition of achieving professional uprightness and rightful doings.d. Religious Values. The recruitment of armed forces is carried out on voluntary basis. Because of the inherent religious strength of our society the desire for martyrdom has always been the prime facet of our military culture.e. Fair System. Military has a s