Learning experience Essay

When I think about â€Å"Learning Experiences,† I think of every situation someone finds themselves in as a learning experience. People have not traditionally used that phrase in relating to more formal learning interventions – i. e. classroom, but from a learner’s perspective, both formally and informally, that’s exactly what is happening: learners are experiencing something that, hopefully, results in a change in thinking, understanding, or behavior afterwards. Learning experiences are a way to think about what a learning intervention might be (i.e. – its design) in the context of desired end goals and outcomes. This can then inform our choices about how communication channels and modes, learning activities, and resources come together to best support the end goals and outcomes, and also how these channels and activities may evolve over time. Certainly in this context, a learning intervention is something that is much more than what has traditionally been thought of as â€Å"content. † In thinking about what is currently thought of as learning content, I think of something akin to a page from. a textbook (that has its doppelganger in web-based training) with which one â€Å"reads† and then â€Å"interacts† with in some way. That definition of learning content and learner interaction represents a very narrow and limited view of what a learning experience can be and usually limits the type of learning to that of recognizing or memorizing specific facts, procedures, and concepts exemplified in the deployment of web- based, self-directed individual learning experiences commonly called e-learning. Learning content can be thought of much more broadly and inclusively. This could mean that learning content could actually include not only the â€Å"whats† but the â€Å"hows† of learning. For example, learning content in the context of learning experiences could contain a collection of specific content resources, content pointers, functional tools or tool pointers, activity descriptions, and assessments that, when brought together, embody a particular pedagogical model. In fact, the reverse could also be learning content – a pedagogical model describing the types of learning resources, tools, and activities needed to achieve learning outcomes. So you could think of learning content as collections of pedagogical models and collections of resources that participate in shaping an individual’s learning experience that are aligned with learning outcomes and positive actions that stem from the experience. Another facet of learning content is the artifacts produced during the learning experience. Besides the description above, learning content models should also be collaborative or cooperative with resources and activities supporting the learners working together to produce a learning artifact. A learning artifact could  be anything based on an authentic learning activity or experience such as a model, computer code, diagram or even the ubiquitous PowerPoint presentation. As these artifacts are created and evaluated during the learning process, they then become learning resources that can be used iteratively for others in similar or more advanced experiences. These ideas allow us to merge knowledge management and single/double loop organizational learning into our concept of learning content. Conceptually, this represents a shift from the typical view of content managed by a typical content  management system, with the assumption that when content is simply presented to a learner that he or she will just â€Å"learn† from it – that somehow learning (and especially learning to do or understand) is transmitted from the content to the learner. With that view of content and of the learner’s experience, then it’s no surprise that critics of the pedagogical merits of SCORM view it as being â€Å"limited. † When I think about learning experiences in the context of this effort by ADL, I define them as a model that will allow higher order learning outcomes to be realized. This can occur by expanding on our  understanding of learning content to include specific collections of learning resources, tools, and activities guided by pedagogical models. This is sometimes conceived as a problem-based, collaborative-based approach shaped and tailored to meet specific learning goals but I believe it is even much more than that. Learning experiences as currently being thought of by ADL will be able to provide an interoperable and reusable means for design and/or self organization of learning activities that are pedagogically sound, allowing the attainment, assessment, and tracking of higher order learning outcomes.

Nursing as a career Essay

           Nursing as a Career, Vocation, or Job? Nursing as a Career, vocation or just a job is a question that may receive many different answers. In my own personal opinion, I think that Nursing could be all three for different people or even all three things for the same person. Is it so hard to believe that someone’s job is their career, and even that the person is lucky enough to have a career/job as their vocation in life? I think not. A job is something that one gets paid for, makes a living off of it and takes pride in their work. A career is a lifelong commitment to a job or line of work. You get paid for it, you sometimes get benefits and even get to retire. A vocation is a calling in life. It is God’s chosen area for one to work in or do. It is a special talent. â€Å"Individual nursing practice is determined by the career path selected and is dependent upon education, experience, work setting and geographical location. Nurses may follow their personal and professional interests by working with any group o f people, in any setting, at any time. There is no profession which offers as many opportunities for diversified roles as does nursing.† (Sigma Theta Tau,2014) â€Å"Using Blum’s model of vocations it is argued that such occupations are socially expressed within practices embodying traditions, norms and a range of meanings: industrial, social, personal and moral. Vocational workers are those who identify in certain ways with these traditions, norms and meanings.†(PubMed, 2002) â€Å"Nursing as a job requires not only treating patients who are sick and injured, but also offering advice and emotional support to patients and their families, taking care of paperwork (lots and lots of paperwork), helping doctors diagnose patients and providing advice and follow-up care.† (Snagajob,2014)

An argument in support of using abortion in extreme cases Essay

Across America, the topic of abortion is still something that is regarded as taboo to speak about. Even in today’s society where it is more commonly brought up, the stigma surrounding the medical procedure has not gone away. There’s a rift between those who are pro-life and pro-choice, and each group has their own reasoning why or why not abortion should or should not be criminalized. The controversy about abortion is mainly rooted in the pro-life group believing that a fetus has the same rights as a born child and the mother. This stems into our government as well, where we have staunch republicans and democrats arguing back and forth over abortion. This also includes people who are incredibly religious and believe that it would go against God’s wishes, as humans are made in his image. Those who are pro-choice believe safe, legal abortions are a right and should be a readily available option to any woman who chooses to have one, no matter the circumstance. Abort ion should definitely be an option and that it should be a woman’s right whether or not to get one, and that she should be the only one to make that decision, not the government. There are many reasons why abortions should be an option, and some of those reasons are that they would help end surprise and unwanted pregnancy, end pregnancy that was caused by rape or incest, and help women who are not in a place to be able to support a child financially or otherwise. Abortion should be a viable option for women without having to worry about government involvement, on the state or federal level, or the social stigma surrounding the procedure. Abortion is able to help end surprise pregnancy safely without going to extreme, dangerous lengths. Based on a survey, the percent of women who got an abortion due to unintended pregnancy in 2008 was incredibly low, at under 5% (Finer, et al. 89). Those who argue While having sex, there’s no guarantee that protection will be effective, as condoms can break and birth control does not promise to work 100% at the time. While the average break rate of condoms while being used in a relationship is a mere 7.4% (Althaus 191), there is still that looming risk of it failing. On the other hand, birth control pills are roughly 91% effective, with just a 9% rate of failure (plannedparenthood.org). In the case of either of these contraceptives not working, the risk of pregnancy is high. When people use contraceptives, they are typically trying to avoid becoming pregnant at all costs, and when the methods of prevention fail and one becomes pregnant, it is going against their overall plan. E specially when thinking about teenagers or young adults, this can cause a problem with their future and goals. In 2014, 249,078 babies were born to women between the ages of 15 and 19 (CDC), and while the number is down compared to previous years, it’s important to acknowledge that teenage pregnancy is still an issue around America. While some would argue that an unplanned pregnancy is a miracle, it should be left up to the woman who is pregnant if she wants to keep the baby or not. In the case that she doesn’t, she should be able to turn to Planned Parenthood or another doctor to help assist her with an abortion without any worry about having to do it illegally. Those who argue that they don’t want their tax dollars going towards abortion don’t really have anything to worry about. While Planned Parenthood receives around $500 million in public funding, none of it can legally go towards funding abortions (Kliff). This is why Planned Parenthood and the ide a of safe abortions are such a crucial element of the pro-choice movement. In the state of Florida, health plans cannot cover abortion costs, so if a woman wanted to get one, she would have to purchase a rider at an additional cost (Jerman, et al). While abortions are not covered by health plans, Viagra is and that contributes to the rampant sexism that plagues the United States. In the most extreme cases, women who are raped or forced into an incestuous relationship should have an option to end the pregnancy. Even if a woman does not get raped and just experiences an unplanned pregnancy, she should have control over her body autonomy (Cohen). Pro-lifers tend to forgo giving the mother any sort of value in regards to her interests and reasons why she would give up her fetus. They give the fetus’ rights precedence over the mother’s (Cohen). If a woman gets raped and it results in an unwanted pregnancy, she should not be forced to carry the baby to full term. Some may argue that she should give birth and then just put the child up for adoption, but in a society where so many children are already part of the adoption system, that would not be the most effective idea. In addition, making a woman carry a baby that is her rapists’ is unethical and detrimental to the woman’s mental, and possibly physical, health. Incestuous relationships are not as common as rape, but should still be considered when discussing safe abortions. Chances are, a woman in an incestuous type of relationship would have been raped, which ties into how unethical it would be to have her give birth to the baby. Not only is there the risk of biological defects, but the woman would endure incredible amounts of stress. Forcing a woman to carry a baby after she was raped, either by a stranger or a family member, is torture. The woman would go through her pregnancy reliving the rape repeatedly, remembering the horrible event which would create extreme emotional trauma. Some women just are not capable of supporting a child at the time they become pregnant, whether it’s accidental or purposeful. Different factors can contribute to why a woman cannot support a child, including the environment they are in. Over one in seven women are living in poverty in America (NWLC), and if a woman cannot properly support herself, she cannot provide for a child. If a girl is living in an abusive household, it would be unreasonable to bring a child into such an environment. If it’s an unsafe place for a woman, it would definitely be unsuitable for a child, let alone a baby. While the environment is a contributing factor to why a woman cannot support a child, money is a big reason why as well. A woman is financially unstable and can barely support herself, and she gets pregnant. If she can’t support herself, she will not be able to provide for a child. Despite there being an act that was passed to protect abused women, the Violence Against Women A ct (Kandaswamy), it, unfortunately, doesn’t put a stop to domestic abuse across the country. It does, however, provide more shelters and services to protect women, which gives them another option aside from abortion if they aren’t comfortable with receiving one. While some would suggest putting the child up for adoption in this scenario as well, most women would not want to go through the process of carrying a child and paying for doctors’ appointments if they’re not going to keep the child in the end. The adoption and foster care system in America has over 400,000 children in it (Argys, et al), and while some children get adopted quickly or even reunited with biological parents, many children are stuck in a never-ending cycle of foster families. Adoption, while a good idea to some, could be detrimental to the child in the long-run. If money is already an issue, the cost of being pregnant would take a toll on the girl throughout the nine months. Abortion needs to be a safe option for women, no matter the circumstance of their pregnancy. By the government getting involved in a woman’s decision to get an abortion, or other people protesting to try and get Roe vs. Wade overturned, it presents a question of whether women have the right to do what they want with their bodies. In 2010, anti-abortion activists shifted their rhetoric from the federal government to state governments to force restrictions regarding abortion (Hopkins Tanne), even though 22 out of 50 states had some form of restrictions on the procedure. Most abortions that are performed are done within the first trimester, though there are statistics that say that about 13% of abortions in the United States are done during the second trimester (Boland). Interestingly, Florida abortion laws as of 2017 are more restrictive than many other states (Jerman, et al). Women can only receive abortions 24 weeks after their last period, and even then, they may only choose to get an abortion is their life is in danger (Jerman, et al). A woman’s life should not have to be endangered before the option of abortion is presented to her. Those who believe that is unethical and murder should think about repercussions of forcing a woman to carry a baby they do not want. Pro-life organizations believe it is not morally right to abort a baby, but by making a woman carry out a pregnancy against her will is just cruel, and by definition, unethical. Providing options for safe abortions for women should be included in health care in all states, and unfortunately, that’s not how it is. Using healthcare to back up why abortion should be dealt with better in America is a popular argument, and seems to be the root of arguments on both sides of the topic. While more people are coming around to be accepting of abortion, there are still groups of people vehemently against it for one reason or another. A popular reason for disagreeing with the procedure is based on religious beliefs and support of a traditional family (Johnson, et al. 40). Despite claiming to be religious and in support of all life, their ideas fall short when they oppose abortion, as they could be potentially putting another human life at risk by wanting to deny access to abortion. A good example of claiming to be saving lives, but in the face doing the opposite, rests in a case from Kansas where an anti-abortion activist shot an abortion doctor (Tanne 285). The shooter, Scott Roeder, defended his actions in court by claiming he was really saving lives (Tanne 285). The doctor he shot happened to provide late-term abortions (Tanne 285) for those who needed it, and he was one of the only doctors in the country to provide that service, which creates a new problem of taking away someone who could have saved lives. The idea that killing someone who was an abortion doctor saves lives in the end is nothing sort of ironic An interesting connection to this idea is that those who are at the highest level of moral thinking consider all lives to be special and worth saving, but those who neglect to realize that abortion can save someone’s life fall out from that theory of moral cognitive thinking. That being said, laws restricting abortion are not on a national, federal level but rather on a state by state basis (Tanne 1051), which leaves room for people to protest abortion easier than if it was strictly at a federal level. For many anti-abortion activists, they prohibit abortion because they hold the belief that a baby starts at conception, and that a fetus can feel pain (Tanne 1051). In order to get their views out there, often anti-abortionists will resort to violence. The type of violent acts committed range from arson to bombings and butyric acid attacks (Jacobson, et al. 189). This violent rhetoric they hold has some irony to it considering they yell about how all lives are important, and then they turn and cause loss of life by committing these terrorist acts (Jacobson, et al. 190). In addition to the loss of some life, the attacks caused property damage, the need for more security around the abortion clinics that were attacked, and increased stress on those who worked at the clinics (Jacobson, et al. 190). While those who participate in the violent acts feel like they’re in the right because they’re fighting for a cause they care about, they are really just causing terror and wreck ing havoc around cities. Anti-abortion in the United States has been an ongoing issue for a long time now, and recently the Trump administration have begun working on cutting back support of the UN and the World Health Organization (Vogel 287). The first and possibly biggest problem that arose with this bill is that it brought back a Reagan-era policy that bans nongovernmental organizations that are funded by the United States from providing abortions, informational, referrals, or even advocating for more liberal abortion laws in whichever country the NGOs are in (Vogel 287). It’s been brought back into action throughout every Republican administration since it was initiated when Reagan was in office, and it’s known as a Global Gag Rule. America deciding to revoke funding means that nongovernmental organizations will lose between 8 and 9 billion dollars worth of their funds (Vogel 287). Despite abortion being left on a state to state basis here in the States, the country will now not help other countries that are in need of help of abortion access. The last time this rule was implemented, more than 20 developing countries lost all access to contraceptives, which in turn led to higher abortion rates (Vogel 287). In addition to losing contraceptives, this rule also causes health care services to be completely shut down and cut off in some areas, meaning all citizens lost their health care (Vogel 287). As of this moment it isn’t known how much the rule will affect other countries now, but over time the effects will be seen, whether in lack of access to contraceptives again or having women turn towards unsafe methods to receive an abortion. As far as social paradigms go, the abortion conflict aligns most with the ideas of functionalism and symbolic interactionism (Keirns). Abortion and symbolic interactionism go hand in hand, as that social paradigm is viewed on a micro level, and abortion happens to only affect certain groups of people. One way abortion can be looked at through this lens is by looking at the anti-abortion groups, such as the religious ones and general pro-life crusaders, and examining their views. People’s views are shaped by interactions with other, not counting socialization that they may have experienced growing up. Those who are pro-life are passionate and adamant that the fetus developing is a human and deserves rights of its own, while those who are pro-choice argue that the woman who is carrying the fetus’ should have the decision to terminate her pregnancy if she so chooses.   The conflict between these two groups of people could also align with the conflict theory, however, it doesn’t happen within all of society, which makes abortion better suited for micro theories as opposed to macro. The idea of people who are against abortion and believe that women should carry the baby whether or not she wants it is rooted in sexism, as it reduces a woman down to a baby-carrying stereotype while also neglecting her opinion on the situation. From a structural functionalist point of view (Keirns), those who subscribe to that sociological paradigm could view abortion as something that is negative for family, as the family is viewed as the center of society. This theory is a macro-level theory, which differentiates it from the symbolic interactionist view of abortion, as functionalists would look how abortion works throughout the entire society. To some degree, a functionalist could be pro-choice, if only looking at the potential benefits it could have for society, although, as the family is central to this paradigm, this isn’t as likely as a pro-life functionalist. Functionalism and abortion don’t go as well together as symbolic interactionism do, but functionalists could examine abortion as a way of gauging if a family is no longer the center of society or not. Speaking generally, other sociological ideas that surround the abortion debate include poverty, gender, and culture (Keirns). Poverty is involved when thinking about abortion as it affects so many people, and if someone cannot afford to raise a child, they may turn to abortion as an option or get help from Planned Parenthood. The entire abortion problem is rooted in gender (Keirns), as it is predominantly a woman’s problem, and gender plays a large role in why some are anti-abortion. As stated earlier, many people believe in the notion that a woman should carry a baby no matter the circumstances. In addition to that, women are often shamed for getting abortions and are called derogatory slurs in the process. Whenever that happens, sexism is brought to the forefront of people’s arguments, as calling women by slurs is once again rooted in sexism. When women do get abortions for whatever reason, they could be considered deviant in some eyes, as she is straying away from th e norm some people hold about keeping the child. Finally, culture also plays a role in abortions, as culture influences everything around the world. In the United States, there is a divided culture over abortions, and there’s still a taboo surrounding talking about it sometimes. While it is more openly discussed in modern times, the taboo is still there, which is why some people are uncomfortable to talk about such a thing. While it is still considered controversial to speak about in today’s society, abortion should be a topic that’s freely discussed and improved upon as time goes on. Providing safe abortions for women across the country ensures that they can end surprise pregnancies, not be forced to carry a baby as a result of rape or incest, and give women an option if they are not able to support a child. This debate has gone on for decades now, and there is a very harsh divide between those for and against the medical procedure. Both those who oppose abortion and those who are outspoken advocates of it have strong opinions that frequently clash together. With the current way the country’s politics are, it appears more and more people are being outspoken about their view of it, whether it’s pro-choice or pro-life. In the past few months, there have been marches for and against abortion, and it’s clear that the American people are passionate about this hot topic. Fr om a sociological perspective, the interactions between the pro-life and pro-choice seem to be increasing as new generations emerge and form their own ideas on the topic of abortion. Culture continues to affect abortion, and as time goes on, the abortion fight will continue on with the development of society, whether for worse or for better. However, in the end, it should be a woman to decide on what to do with her body, and not the government, or other Americans.    Works Cited â€Å"About Teen Pregnancy.†Ã‚  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 26 Apr. 2016. Web. 15 Mar. 2017. Althaus, F. â€Å"Study Finds Low Condom Breakage Rate, Ties Most Slippage to Improper Use.†Ã‚  Family Planning Perspectives, vol. 24, no. 4, Jul/Aug92, pp. 191-192. EBSCOhost, db02.linccweb.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=9212211758&site=ehost-live. Web. 13 Mar. 2017. Argys, Laura, and Brian Duncan. â€Å"Economic Incentives and Foster Child Adoption.†Ã‚  Demography, vol. 50, no. 3, 2013, pp. 933–954., www.jstor.org/stable/42919906. Web. 13 Mar. 2017. Boland, Reed. â€Å"Second Trimester Abortion Laws Globally: Actuality, Trends, and Recommendations.†Ã‚  Reproductive Health Matters, vol. 18, no. 36, 2010, pp. 67–89., www.jstor.org/stable/25767363. Web. 11 Mar. 2017. Cohen, I. Glenn. â€Å"Are All Abortions Equal? Should There Be Exceptions to the Criminalization of Abortion for Rape and Incest?.†Ã‚  Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, vol. 43, no. 1, Spring2015, pp. 87-104. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1111/jlme.12198. Web. 14 Mar. 17. Finer, Lawrence B., and Kathryn Kost. â€Å"Unintended Pregnancy Rates at the State Level.†Ã‚  Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, vol. 43, no. 2, 2011, pp. 78–87., www.jstor.org/stable/23048865. Web. 11 Mar. 2017 Jacobson, Mireille, and Heather Royer. â€Å"Aftershocks: The Impact of Clinic Violence on Abortion Services.†Ã‚  American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, vol. 3, no. 1, 2011, pp. 189–223., www.jstor.org/stable/25760251. Web. 16 April 17. Johnson, Stephen D., and Joseph B. Tamney. â€Å"Factors Related to Inconsistent Life-Views.†Ã‚  Review of Religious Research, vol. 30, no. 1, 1988, pp. 40–46., www.jstor.org/stable/3511839. Web. 15 April 17. Jones RK and Jerman J, Abortion incidence and service availability in the United States, 2014,  Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2017, 49(1), doi:10.1363/psrh.12015. Web. 15 Mar. 2017. Kandaswamy, Priya. â€Å"‘You Trade in a Man For the Man â€Å": Domestic Violence and the U. S. Welfare State.†Ã‚  American Quarterly, vol. 62, no. 2, 2010, pp. 253–277., www.jstor.org/stable/40664735. Web. 15 Mar. 2017. Keirns, Nathan J., et al.  Introduction to Sociology 2e. Houston, TX, OpenStax College, Rice University, 2015. Kliff, S. 2015. â€Å"A Government Shutdown Fight is Brewing. This One is Over Planned Parenthood.† Vox, September 10. â€Å"NWLC Analysis of 2014 Census Poverty Data.†Ã‚  NWLC. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2017. â€Å"Planned Parenthood Controversy Revives Abortion Debate.†Ã‚  Penn Bioethics Journal, vol. 11, no. 2, Fall2015, p. 7. EBSCOhost, db02.linccweb.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=117725282&site=ehost-live. Web. 15 Mar. 2017. Parenthood, Planned. â€Å"What Is the Effectiveness of Birth Control Pills?†Ã‚  What Is the Effectiveness of Birth Control Pills?  N.p., 27 Dec. 2016. Web. 16 Mar. 2017. Tanne, Janice Hopkins. â€Å"Killer of Kansas Abortion Doctor Is Convicted of Murder.†Ã‚  BMJ: British Medical Journal, vol. 340, no. 7741, 2010, pp. 285–285., www.jstor.org/stable/25673930. Web. 17 April 17. Tanne, Janice Hopkins. â€Å"US Anti-Abortion Activists Use State Laws to Reduce Access.†Ã‚  BMJ: British Medical Journal, vol. 340, no. 7755, 2010, pp. 1051–1051., www.jstor.org/stable/40702011. Web. 15 Mar. 2017. Vogel, Lauren. â€Å"US Anti-UN, Anti-Abortion Orders Threaten Global Health.†Ã‚  CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 189, no. 7, 21 Feb. 2017, pp. E287-E288. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1503/cmaj.1095390. Web. 16 April 17. Yung, Corey Rayburn. â€Å"How to Lie with Rape Statistics: America’s Hidden Rape Crisis.†Ã‚  Iowa Law Review, vol. 99, no. 3, Mar. 2014, pp. 1197-1256. EBSCOhost, db02.linccweb.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=94993552&site=ehost-live. Web. 13 Mar. 2017.

United Parcel Service Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

United Parcel Service Inc - Essay Example That is through effectiveness and efficiency in combining the flow of products, funds, and information. In the course of achieving these goals, the strategy of the company aims at sustaining core competencies in pursuit of sustainability. That is through utilization of technology to generate new services while studying the behaviour of the consumers to anticipate their needs and expectations. Besides, UPS’s strategy focuses on attracting talented employees to facilitate the development of competencies through the integration of funds, products, and information. Moreover, UPS focuses on practising innovation to facilitate the realization of growth, as well as the creation of an environment, which enables employees to operate effectively and efficiently. That is in accordance with the demands and expectations of the consumers. Similarly, the strategy of the company incorporates increased investment in the core aspects of worldwide distribution, as well as logistics. Operations S trategy Cost - Low-Cost Operations UPS focuses on the achievement or realization of the lowest total overall costs in comparison to other competitors within the industry. One of the aspects of the low-cost operations is the tendency of the company to integrate technology for automation and enhancement of efficiency in addressing the demands and expectations of the target customers. This capability is essential to improving the image and reputation of the firm in its attempts towards becoming a global leader in the industry of operation.

The Telegraph and the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Telegraph and the Internet - Essay Example In both cases, this linking of two users led to the development of a complex network of wired channels linking different geographical areas of countries and ultimately the whole world. In case of both the revolutions, the pioneers were rewarded with unprecedented levels of wealth. Technology: Recurring themes can be observed, as far as the communication technology is concerned. Due to the wired technology of the telegraph, it became necessary to invent a coded method like the Morse Code (a binary system of dots and dashes), which would facilitate transmission of information, as was the need of those times. The technology used by Internet also has an essentially similar design philosophy, though much more advanced. The system of nodes as intermediate transfer points for the complex networks of the telegraph system, similarly relate to the modern Internet connectivity. Another factor common to both technologies is the slowdown due to information overload. Development phase: The rise and spread of the population to far flung areas, and an increase in business and industrial activity resulted in the development of efficient transport systems such as railways. ... The governments utilized this innovation for better control of military and political matters, whereas the businesses could covert larger and larger geographical areas into one marketplace. In both cases, the subsequent entrants in the customer base were individuals, who brought along with them good and bad impact of human issues. Hacking or disruptive activities and misinformation about the operational capabilities are the common negative aspects about the social impact. On the positive side, personal issues like online chatting, romance and love over the wires, and even conclusion of marriage contracts are the common features of the personal applications of both, the telegraph and the Internet. Impact of the telegraph on New Journalism: The meaning of New Journalism: The term 'New journalism' as it is understood today, was codified by Tom Wolfe in a collection of journalism articles he published in 1973. Though it is not fiction, and it maintains elements of reporting, including strict adherence to factual accuracy, New Journalism often brings some features not originally found in news papers, but rather in magazines. The features identified by Wolfe are: elements of story telling, dialogue in full, first person point of view, and recording every day details. In effect, New Journalism differs from traditional journalism, by accommodating the element of entertainment in the original factual content. The influence of the telegraph: The origins of this shift towards New Journalism can be traced back to the invention and adoption of the electric telegraph in the nineteenth century. During that period, great changes were taking place in the society. The telegraph was instrumental in changing the

Food Safety Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Food Safety Management - Essay Example This paper outlines information that leads to determining the causative agent of the food industry is stated below. Moulds develop in food when the conditions are favourable to the bacteria. Acidic environment prevent growth of bacteria but favours the growth of moulds. Moulds are destroyed by high temperatures, therefore cooked food are free from mould infestations. Food spoilage can also be caused by insects, oxidation chemical and physical contamination. Fruits that are prone to contamination are meat, poultry and vegetables, but the food that are not commonly affected are sugar flour and dried fruits. Temperature control is a feature that preserves food. The temperature must be kept at specific level depending on the nature of the food product .Personal hygiene also is very important in keeping food safe for human consumption. Whoever is handling food must ensure that he is wearing bright coloured and that can be washed with ease. This study highlights that outdoor clothing must not be brought into food areas. Also personal hygiene for example illness should be considered. Any kitchen staff worker should be done proper vaccination to avoid the transmission contaminated food diseases. Food premises should be thoroughly cleaned and provide sufficient lavatories as well as hygienic changing rooms .There should also be hygiene training centres to develop the skills of good hygiene. Food hygiene is very important because it prevents food spoilage and avoids food wastages. Food handlers should avoid bad habits such as picking the nose, coughing and sneezing, using food sink s to wash hands these entire can transmit infections. Chemical contamination of food occurs in an event when dosage levels of some chemicals reach lethal levels. This type of contamination may encompass accidental contamination, which occurs as a result of poison being mistakenly taken as food.

Deciphering Yoko Ono's Artworks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Deciphering Yoko Ono's Artworks - Essay Example The essay "Deciphering Yoko Ono's Artworks" explains the artworks of Yoko Ono. One of Yoko Ono’s works that testifies to her use of conceptual art is that of the ceiling painting which is shown in Figure 1. The artwork consists of text on paper, glass, metal frame, metal chain, magnifying glass and painted ladder. In this well-known Ceiling Piece (1966), the seeker’s journey up a ladder is rewarded with a benevolent "yes." Yet the word can’t be easily read. A magnifying glass hanging nearby must be used, reminding the viewer that it is their desire to know and see that carried them to this moment of affirmation. There is not so much subtlety in the Line element besides from the fact that the words were written so as to produce the desired effect of curious thinking. The simplicity of the shape, a three dimensional ladder, induces the mind as it makes the viewer wander about where the ladder is leading to. Its effect is that it arouses curiosity and such is the wa y to make others view your work. When it comes to texture, the artwork seems to suggest of the smooth transition as the viewer climbs the stairs. We see that when it comes to space, there is that little space where the ladder is focused. There is no boundary for the negative space and it is this vastness that the viewer is attracted to the artwork. We see that the stairs were highlighted. The contrast between the ladder and its surrounding serves to further emphasize that this ladder is not just an ordinary ladder but something more. That placement of the common ladder makes it so conspicuous that someone passing by would be interested in taking a glance at the artwork. The lightness value of the way the ladder was emphasized somehow gave it a glint of mystery which made it more mysterious to behold. After having read the words yes with the magnifying glass, the whole work achieves harmony with the viewer as he now feels the aura of mysteriousness and the sense of fulfillment. Perha ps the movement in the artwork is the climbing of the stairs, usage of the magnifying glass and reading the words. Each movement leads the viewer more to the essence of the artwork and makes him internalize the meaning of what he has just experienced. I could not agree more with what Bowen (2003) tells us that Ono "Ceiling Piece encourages us to ponder where we're heading..emphasizing the visual nature of this quest by linking spiritual affirmation to the seeker's curious gaze. On the other hand, what is finally found is a word, not an image. This substitution makes the mental nature of vision apparent." Another work of art of Ono is the invitation to her exhibit This is Not Here (1971). The invitations were written on partially fixed then folded photographic paper. When the invitation was opened and exposed to the light, the image imprinted disappeared. Instead, what was left was Onos name and telephone number. The recipient was left with a blank sheet of paper and an afterimage of its contents. The feeling of being puzzled and awe was for Ono what art should be and that is "wonderment". This use of photographs, as she called it, is "a tool with which to picture our world, mediate our desires, fulfill our goals, and yet it too exists in flux, perpetually afloat and ridden with life". The question that now faces us is how to delineate the elements of art in this work. Can we consider the lines that gave semblance to the imprints as having some artistic

Ethics of Health Care Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics of Health Care - Case Study Example There are various legal consequences that follow a person’s declaration of death including the person’s  legal  acknowledgement  and responsibilities of personhood. Legally, every person holds the right to  die  and have a dignified death, only as not to choose the terms of their death. This means that in relation to state that they  live  in certain circumstances  permit  an  individual  the right to die. Considering the womans  aged  and past the life expectancy  period. In addition to this, she is terminally ill with no ambulatory or verbal responses, also termed as brain dead. The law allows for life support systems to be terminated once termed as brain dead for a period long enough to  show  no expected recovery (Donald, 2003). Other facts such as the ethical  decision  to  connect  life support in the first place depicts the right to  disconnect  it if need be,  support  this fact. Also, the decision by family members or a court  order  through patients will  disconnect  the  support  system. The medical practicing ethical issue here is the  termination  of the life of an  individual  that is using life support. Legally the only  ethical  procedure  that doctors  follow  in such a  case  is the  determination  of the brain state of the patient and the responsiveness of the family members. If the patient is brain dead and there is no chance of recovery, the  news  is provided  to the family members and the  option  of disconnecting the life support system. Such disconnection can only be conducted upon receipt of a court order, request from the responsible family members and a  will  left behind by the incapacitated patient. The caring doctors and  institution  cannot make this decision all by themselves (Donald, 2003). Disconnection of the life support system would be the  decision  reached. This could be

Workplace Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Workplace Law - Case Study Example Hence all the laws and regulations related to awards, state or federal industrial laws are applicable and can be enforced, in case of such contracts (CCH Australia, 2010). For the purpose of this case study, the contractual true nature of contractual relationship of Jane Jones and TMMS will be studied from the perspective of Common Law, and the various legal issues pertaining to the case will be discussed, by application of principles and facts of the said case. The various legal issues, as pertains to the Common Law, related to this case are listed below: 1. Breach of implied duty of mutual trust and confidence In accordance with the proceedings and decision arrived at by the Supreme Court of Australia, in the McDonald v State of South Australia, it was established that the elements such as mutual trust and confidence are an integral and inevitable part of employment contracts. The judiciary in Australia uses the implied term of trust and confidence in order to create an obligation on the part of the employers so as to instill an interest of fairness. It is described as "an implied obligation of good faith". It was observed in the case of Concut Pty Ltd v Worrel, that "the ordinary relationship of an employer and employee at common law is one importing implied duties of loyalty, honesty, confidentiality and mutual trust" (Aras, Crowther, 2010, pp. 517; Brodie, 2010, pp. 166). In this case, TMMS summoned Jane and made sudden changes in the contract, which included terms and conditions which were unfair to her, and did not seek to protect her interests at work. One of the implied rules of common law states that the employees be treated in a fair manner, while the terms and conditions and the abrupt changes made, were both unfair and unjust for Jane. The employer in this case had an implied obligation to treat their employees fairly and be honest and truthful to them. Furthermore, the employer is also required to practice and apply the elements of confidentiality and strive to maintain mutual trust. But in this case, TMMS decided to restructure its organization and did not take their employees into confidence prior to making any changes to their employment terms, and instead added clauses which were unjust and unfair to them. 2. Refusing to sign, negotiate, extend or vary an AWA Under Common Law, neither the employer nor the employee has the right to unilaterally alter the terms and conditions of an employment contract. Any such alteration must be done through mutual discussion and agreement, else it would be deemed illegal. The employer must obtain a valid consent of the employee prior to changing any of the terms of the employment contract and cannot do so just by serving a notice. Furthermore, it has also been stated under the Common Law, that the courts and tribunals will consider an agreement received by the employer, as illegal if the consequence of non-compliance or non-acceptance to sign the renewed contract is dismissal with immedi ate effect. In such a situation, the courts will deem such changes to the contract / agreement as unfair and adverse to the interest of the employees (Lewis & Sargeant, 2004, pp. 136). In this case, the employer TMMS, not only changed the terms of contract unilaterally, but also failed to discuss or negotiate the newly added terms with the employee. Furthermore, when specifically asked for more time to consider the said changes, TMMS openly stated that it is a â€Å"take it or leave it† situation, and implied that refusing to accept the said changes, would automatically result in termination of the contract. Such harsh terms and conditions not only broke the implied rule of mutual trust and

Service Oriented Architectures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Service Oriented Architectures - Essay Example â€Å"Just as the Databases were at the center of design of applications of the 70s and 80s, Components are at the center of design of the applications of the 90s and the next century† – David Vaskevitch, VP, Microsoft. Almost anyone with a sufficient amount of experience in the world of information technology would agree that the concepts of ‘Objects’ have drastically changed the way, large scale software systems are built and deployed. Objects are the basis for advanced graphical user interfaces. Their power comes from their single most useful feature of reusability. Objects are built in such a way that they can be used to build ‘components’ that can be collaborated across multi-vendor platforms. These component based architectures have modernized the way large scale enterprise level software systems are built. The large scale success of component-based architecture has lead to the development of Service Oriented Architectures (SOA). The concept of SOA is an evolution of the Component Based Architecture in which the enterprise’s architecture is developed in a ‘Service-Driven Approach’. Service driven approach means that the requirements of an infrastructure are broken down into multiple components; each component providing a distinct service and each service is autonomous. These services are embedded into the business process of the enterprise that supports customer and business goals.

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 45

Personal Statement Example As an experienced class lecturer, I know that my students have a tendency to go a few steps ahead of me in terms of their computer know-how since they are allowed the freedom to experiment with the technology and see where it goes. In order for me to ensure that I will always have the upper hand during class lectures, and also be in a better position for tenureship at the university, I need to beef up my educational resume and gain knowledge and information that my students have yet to come across or conceptualize in their minds. It is my duty and responsibility to ensure that I present the most current knowledge and trends in computing and informatics to them in a manner that they can easily absorb. I will admit that I also have a personal reason for wishing to complete a Phd, that of becoming a published professor in the future who will leave a definite impact upon the research being done in this particular field. Currently, I am on track in pursuit of my goal of becoming an Assistant Professor at SEU. However, I cannot fully achieve that goal without a PhD degree. I hope to be able to fast track my career plans after completing this degree and assisting or developing research that will help to shape the future of computing and informatics particularly in terms of its ability to help shape the future of my country. As a recipeient of a Saudi government scholarship grant, I feel privileged to have the opportunity to pursue my research plans in the field of Human Computer Interaction. This is a field of computer study that has a tremendous amount of professional growth potential in my country in terms of career advancement. I plan to get in on the ground floor and ride the trend all the way to the top. Becoming one of the most notable experts in this field in my country. It is because of my desire to actively pursue this research that I have chosen to apply for

Abolitionist movement Essay Example for Free

Abolitionist movement Essay With the enlightenment and awareness of people regarding human rights came the abolitionist movement. Slavery was something that violated the basic tenet of human rights and dignity, and so it had to be abolished. Northern states have begun to pass acts which declared that all men were born free and equal. Several movements that involved religion and political movements highly influenced the strength and expanse of abolitionist ideals throughout the country. The movements that supported abolitionism varied in method and degree. Some were pacifist, as they tried to use the legal system and passed legislation seeking to make slavery illegal. Others utilized literature and the press like Harriet Beecher Stowe, the author of the famous novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Religious movements declared slavery to be sinful and un-Christian, to discourage believers from keeping and owning slaves. Only a minority of abolitionists used to armed revolt and instigation of unrest and anger among the slaves as the main machinery to further their cause. The movement continued its stride to abolish slavery, but its strongest anchor point came with the election of a known contester of slavery, Abraham Lincoln, as president. With the head of state holding this position of opposition of slavery, the south felt that their way of life was endangered and threatened. Economic repercussions will be felt by their planters in the cotton, tobacco and sugar farms if the hands that worked in the plantations were to be set free. The zenith of the tensions between the south and the north was the American Civil war. It broke out when the south organized and removed themselves from the control of the American government. Rise of Abolitionism Historian James McPherson defined an abolitionist as a person who has fought for the abolition of slavery in the United States before the Civil war. American abolition started early on, as there were several groups already fighting for the liberation of slaves, such as the Society of Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage, and there were several institutions which prohibited slavery already. Several states had passed laws that completely prohibited slavery in their territories. Those who joined the American Anti-Slavery Society or other groups were abolitionists. These movements were not unified, and so could not boast a unified strength. Vermont was the first territory to make slavery illegal, and Pennsylvania was the first state to abolish slavery in 1780. Then several states followed Pennsylvania’s example while some states chose to limit slave trading. Many of the states in the south retained the institution of slavery as it was the region’s life line in their plantations. Their strong adherence to the institution drove them to take a defensive stance against the rising popularity of the abolitionist movement. Many abolitionist writers distributed many anti-slavery writings and literature to the south to help spread the ideologies. Novels, pamphlets and other forms of writing began to circulate not just in the north, but also in the southern region. Southern officials were enraged at the act, and thus moved to ban all types of literature that might instigate rebellion and changes in the south. Violence was even employed to stop the circulation of antislavery media in the south. Elijah Parish Lovejoy, the editor of an abolitionist newspaper was murdered by a mob of pro-slavery southerners. His printing press was also destroyed. Abolitionists recognized the fact that slavery needed to be abolished everywhere in the country, but the north cannot interfere with the affairs of the south because of federal ruling. Because of this, many abolitionists focused on liberating the north and skipping the southern states. Some abolitionists were frustrated and did not like this idea, as they believed that every state should be free of slavery. The movement was further fortified by the support of free African-Americans and their church. With the issue of the constitution, the American Abolitionist movement split up into two groups, the Garrisonians, led by William Garrison and Wendell Phillips and another camp led by Spooner and Gerrit Smith. The Garrisonians believed that the constitution promoted slavery while Spooner’s group believed the constitution to be antislavery. Since slavery was unconstitutional, it could be abolished with the blessing of the law. More divisions in the abolitionist movement arose, but because of the social classes of the abolitionists themselves. The artisans and elites divided themselves on the issue of slavery as well. The Underground Railroad was used as a venue by many abolitionists to become more active in the cause for abolition of slavery. Many of the fugitive slaves were illegally transported away from their masters to be free men via this rail. But the railroad was made illegal by the passing of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. But this did not stop the abolitionists from providing shelter and transporting slaves to freedom. After the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863 was done, many abolitionists moved to liberate slaves in the slave states. There were also movements to improve the social and living conditions of African-Americans all over the country. The Thirteenth Amendment finally ended all slave subjugations in the country.

Policy-making Procedures in Healthcare

Policy-making Procedures in Healthcare 1.1 The policy-making process Policy-making procedure is the approach of diverse wander by which government makes the procedure for tackle differing issues. The wander for the methodology making needs your full thought and data about distinctive issues. The steps for the course of action making are after: Problem identification and agenda setting For make we technique we need to recognize the issue first. Various components impact in the issue conspicuous evidence like political conviction framework, and novel venture, the wide correspondences, general assessment studies and so forth. Power needs to toll thee well about these things in the midst of issue unmistakable evidence. Inspiration setting is picking what is to be picked. For example unlawful relocation has been proceeding for quite a while yet it was not that authentic until 1990 to that it obliges government action. Policy formation For the policy formation we need to compose the approach making procedure. In this methodology we need to recognize the structure and the primary targets and its need segments. This policy includes invested individuals and recommendations from givers and different nations. After that we need to recognize the primary issues. Specialists of the field or the populace of other nation who as of now did it can help us to recognize the principle issues. After distinguish the issues itemized examination is needed. For This step we have to distinguish the wellspring of issue, pick suitable technique and structure the standard for the observing and advancement. The setting of the objectives and target is fundamental piece of the approach framing. One it chose it ought to be examining with all the gatherings. After this policy the specialists individual needs to draft the approach for the dispatch. The draft approach ought to be circle and reconsider for the last touch before the reception proc ess. Counsel of masters ought to be taken for enhance the arrangement. Adoption The policy formation is in little steps and exceptionally perplexing procedure. After structuring of the arrangement reception of the approach is additionally the complex methodology. In numerous nations arrangement must be available in the bureau and applicants of the bureau vote and receive the approach. While in a few nations, president has right to embracing the arrangement by marking it. A few strategies can be connected by the consent of the Supreme Court likewise. Thus, by thusly we can embrace the approach. Policy implementation. Policy without implementation is similar to tiger without teeth. The execution or doing of strategy is regularly fulfilled by foundations -other than defined and those that received it. A statute usually provides simply an expansive layout of a strategy. For the usage of the strategy there ought to be an expert arrangement and particular nitty gritty activity arrangements are needed. For this we likewise do need to set the dependable persons, harsh arrangements, assessed plan and other related arrangement for the circumstances of the crisis. The lead power needs to take care of the best possible usage of the strategy. The immediate implementation of policy is unrealistic. Thus, we need to separation the expert arrange in the little activity arranges and need to apply it orderly. The approach ought to be actualized in the path by which we can attain our objectives. Open help and comprehension assumes a crucial part in the usage of the strategy. On the off chance that open dont help or acknowledge the strategy the usage is much hard to do. At other hand if open help arrangement execution gets to be all the more simple. For instance, according to relinquishment demonstration of New Zealand the vender cant show the tobacco items in the store. Also dealers acknowledge this strategy with the incredible help and People are getting advantages of it. Indeed retailers are urging the individuals to stop the smoking too. Policy Monitoring and Evolution The policy monitoring means proceeds with care for the consequences of the approach. By this checking we can find that arrangement met the normal results or not. Checking is possible by different strategies including supervisory visits and reporting. At the framing of the strategy we need to check the symptoms. By checking the arrangement we can be dead set symptoms which have been happened after the usage. Evolution means decide how a strategy functions, and its not a simple errand. Individuals inside and outside government by and large utilize the expense advantage examination to attempt to discover the answer. At the end of the day, if the administration uses x billion over this arrangement the results advantages worth the cost. Expense advantage examination is focused around the difficult to find information which are liable to distinctive and once in a while opposing, elucidations. Policy is the heart of the strategy making procedure. Policy is carried out by the voting and open surveys. By development we can get thought regarding the adequacy and the mistakes of the approach. This is the entire process by which we can make the strategy can enhance it further. Politics, laws and budgets Governments attempt to battle drug enslavement with arrangements which address both the interest and supply of medications, and approaches which can moderate the damages of medication misuse, and for therapeutic treatment. Request diminishment measures incorporate disallowance, fines for medication offenses, imprisonment for persons indicted for medication offenses, treatment, (for example, willful restoration, coercive mind, or supply on therapeutic remedy for medication abusers), mindfulness crusades, group social administrations, and backing for families. Supply side decrease includes measures, for example, authorizing remote approach went for killing the universal development of plants used to make medications and interference of medication trafficking. Arrangements which may help relieve the impacts of medication ill-use incorporate needle trade and medication substitution programs, and also free offices for testing a drugs immaculateness. Medications subject to control fluctuate from ward to purview. For instance, heroin is directed very nearly all over; substances, for example, qat, codeine and even Tamiflu are managed in a few spots, however not others. Most wards likewise control physician endorsed medications, restorative medications not considered hazardous yet that must be supplied to holders of a medicinal remedy, and once in a while drugs accessible without medicine however just from an affirmed supplier, for example, a drug store, yet this is not normally portrayed as a medication arrangement. Drug Policy in New Zealand objectives to evade and diminish medication related damage in the group by controlling or directing the openness of medications, restricting the utilization of medications by people and diminishing mischief from existing medication utilization. The present arrangement is National Drug Policy 2007-2012. In New Zealand the National Drug Policy is the managing record for arrangement and practices went for minimizing medication related damage in the group. The National Drug Policy 2007-2012 expands on the first National Drug Policy 1998-2003. It sets out the Governments approach for tobacco, liquor, illicit and different medications inside a solitary system. The Governments medication arrangement is contained in the National Drug Policy 2007–2012. A National Drug Policy was initially received in 1998 to set the general bearing for medication arrangement in New Zealand. Inside the skeleton gave by the national arrangement, focal and nearby government offices and non-government associations included in the liquor and medication division set their needs and create their work programs. The certain desire is that the needs of all the significant offices in the part are adjusted to the National Drug Policy and that their work arrangements execute procedures and measures that backing the approach. The accompanying targets have been recognized for the National Drug Policy to attain the all-encompassing objective: To forestall or delay the uptake of tobacco, liquor, illicit and other medication use, especially in Maori, Pacific people groups and youngsters To decrease the damage brought on by tobacco by decreasing the commonness of tobacco smoking, utilization of tobacco items and introduction to second-hand smoke To decrease damage to people, families and groups from the dangerous utilization of liquor To avoid or decrease the supply and utilization of illicit medications and other hurtful medication utilization Authoritative arrangement producers are Board of Directors, Management Committee, and Executives. The part of the arrangement producer is go about as a channel to accumulate data through meeting and research and to diminish and concentrate from the data, a strategy or a set of arrangements which serve to advance what is the favored approach. Required administrations that is conceivable to help actualize the procedure; Rational Decision Making Model: Rational Decision Making Model includes a methodology of knowing, understanding and adapting in which each step takes after the other in an intelligent manner and turns out with the best come about. The Garbage Can Model: The issues, arrangements and the leaders are settled on separated and the choices taken are not the arranged ones. Contingency Model: In the Contingency, the gathering relies on the administration and the assignments of inspiration and relations. Incremental Model: Selective objective and its destinations are identified with the exploratory investigation of the issue. The attention brought for managing the issue is slightly unique in relation to the current ones. Decisions types Structured Decisions Organized choices are called programmable choices. They are called programmable choices in light of the fact that the greater part of the viewpoints affecting the decision and its determination are perceived and it is known to create a given result furnished with the huge data. Through this, choices can be changed into a basic project of exercises that a machine can perform. These are tedious, unsurprising and decently characterized choices used to quit treating intricacies as though they are new. They are preplanned and need conceptualizing to concoct a fantastic conclusion. Every individual included in an association utilizes their cognitive capacities to investigate and comprehend the circumstances to structure an ideal decision in the matter of how they are going to tackle a difficulty on a consistent request so it will serve as an aide for everybody on the best way to face the issue in the event that it will reoccur. Objectives are characterized, data is overseen and attained, a nd courses of action are known and it shows up in a decently characterized system are a percentage of the attributes of organized choices. Organized choices are similar to putting everybody on a container which permits them to think. The container permits everybody to settle on choices unquestionably and after that execute them without wavering gave that the methodology they are going to utilize is well-known and has a skeleton in this way they wont dither to place them vigorously. Besides, organized choice making is a systemic approach in recognizing the issue, defining an arrangement while considering different alternatives, and settling on decisions in a complex choice situation. Unstructured Decisions Unstructured choice is the complete inverse of organized choice. It is intricate in nature so there is no distinct genuine and attempted strategy to handle them. This sort of choice is one of a kind and has a vague set of consecutive reactions which happens in the association. This implies that the union does not have a current determination to a developing circumstance and another investigation is needed for every event. On the off chance that there is no predominant technique to help the chief in settling on a decision, then the association is inclined to rebuff post-choice. The affiliation is less light in perceiving that they have pondered all the options and variables. They are farfetched regarding whether they will begin the procedure (or not) as they absence of certainty and alarm the repercussions of settling on the wrong decision. They would seek after the choice making procedure realizing that they were going to learn as they went and need to rehash steps as they learn. The danger included in taking choices to settle the issue in this is typically high. These choices cant be assigned and the expense is high contrasted with organized choices. Strategic Decisions A Definition taken from Business Dictionary: Chosen elective that influences key elements which focus the achievement of an organization’s strategy. In correlation, a tactical decision influences the everyday execution of steps needed to achieve the objectives of a system. What is the utilization of running in the event that you are not on the right tract? This is a question that social insurance associations ought to be asking themselves. It is a matter of certainty that social insurance foundations defy a mixture of ecological and focused requests ordinary, which requires vital choice making. The arrangement of business powers, framework cooperation’s and natural requests implies that all medicinal services associations ought to be considering the difficulties and opportunities they face, and couple that assessment with an examination of their ability to develop fitting vital choice reactions. As an illustration, the chief in human services office may have the goal of expanding the quantity of patients in the unit and choose to actualize a system offering lower costs without influencing the accuracy and precision of the patients mind. After a month of resulting the new approach, administrators can cast deals data for the month and figure out if the method yield an upright result and revise it to enhance the key arrangement. Operational Decisions As indicated by business word reference it is characterized as a sort of short term decision by a company in lieu of long term strategies at the time of obtaining of organization resources. These include the normal operations of the organization, and thusly need to be tended to before any terrific scheme issues. The fate of a health awareness association focuses on the nature of its execution, not on the amount of its movement. Achievement will request master consideration capability inside and outside of an association. Change is certain. In a dynamic nation, change is steady. In my perspective, this is a conviction that we ought to think seriously about and must be the vision for the association. An action set would be a phenomenal ideal model of operational choice method. This grasps frameworks, structures, and procedures that are sound with the association’s procedure and support to attain unrivaled execution. It embodies operational strategies, operational systems, motivation and prize framework, data framework, administration methodology, planning exercises, reporting framework and operational planning. References: Retrieved from http://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/hip/us/hip_us_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/0205011616.pdf Retrieved from http://www.beinformed.com/BeInformed/webdav-resource/binaries/pdf/publications/public-policy-making.pdf?webdav-id=/Be Informed Bibliotheek/0000 WEBDAV/WebDAV StatContent.bixmlChapter 21: The policy-making process.(n.d.). Retrieved from http://wps.pearsoned.co.uk/ema_uk_he_jones_politics_7/163/41890/10723877.cw/index.html Decision-making Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. (n.d.).  RetrievedSeptember21, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision-making Policy Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. (n.d.).  RetrievedSeptember21, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy Policy Making: Political Interactions [ushistory.org]. (n.d.).  Retrieved from http://www.ushistory.org/gov/11.asp The Policymaking Process.(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cliffsnotes.com/more-subjects/american-government/public-policy/the-policymaking-process Texas Politics The Policy Making Process.(n.d.).  Retrieved from http://texaspolitics.utexas.edu/archive/html/bur/features/0303_01/policy.html

Effect Of The Multiculturalism In Europe Politics Essay

Effect Of The Multiculturalism In Europe Politics Essay The establishment of nation-state political systems has always recognized the need for coherence between different cultures and the definition of a nation as territorially united groups. However, cultural differences pose a major threat to the continued unity of many European nation-states. The political demand for acknowledgement of cultural plurality by groups of citizens, especially those who consider themselves to be minorities culturally or ethnically, has grown due to increased interest in multiculturalism in recent years. When analyzed at both scholarly and public levels, the growth of demand for governments to recognize multiculturalism stems from two origins. The first one is based on liberal theories that perceive multiculturalism as a way of protecting individual and cultural rights through the recognition of cultural and ethnic plurality. Social and political agitators of pluralism seek to retain the definition of cultures as closed units and still hope to use the concept of cultural differences as to find solutions to inequalities both politically and socially. The second one is the origin of multiculturalism based on cultural relativism which is a liberal concept that proposes that nation-states have long ignored the fact that cultures are comprised of multiple relations that go beyond political boundaries and are intended to co-exist side by side.  [1]   However with the current rise in terrorism, decreasing relevance in civic and national identity, and the likelihood of some cultural practices being against the principles of liberal states, multiculturalism has become redundant. Liberal governments of the west are gradually finding themselves unable to keep on recognizing and upholding multiculturalism especially in concepts that call for special treatment for minorities and still retain equality for all citizens. The question is why has accommodation of multiculturalism in Europe changed over the past 20 years? Addressing the dilemma of implementing equality in pluri-cultural societies of liberal nation states of Europe, this paper argues and elaborates how multiculturalism become redundant by the liberal democratic western states. Definition of Multiculturalism In political philosophy, multiculturalism is a concept that basically addresses the most appropriate way of responding to diversity in culture and religion within the society. Multiculturalism goes beyond the simple act of tolerating group differences and seeks for the treatment of minority groups as citizens on an equal level with the majority group by recognizing and positively accommodating cultural or traditional differences through the recognition of group-differentiated rights (Kymlicka, 1995). These group-differentiated rights are espoused by minority groups for example people who are exempted from certain rules or laws due to their cultural or religious beliefs or those seeking for language accommodations in public institutions like schools or voting procedures.  [2]  The group-differentiated rights are also sought by indigenous groups or minority nations for the sake of self determination. This is parallel to nationalism. In its precise definition, multiculturalism is an umbrella term that involves moral and political recognition of disadvantaged and frequently discriminated groups like African Americans in the United States, women worldwide, and other groups like gays, and the disabled. However, multiculturalism theorists have always emphasized on immigrants of a country who make up ethnic or religious minorities because of their differences. Some examples of such groups include Muslims in most Western Europe countries and minority nations in some European countries like the Catalans, Romans and the Basque in Spain. Young (1990) identifies three aspects associated with multiculturalism. These are identity, difference, and recognition politics aimed at bringing back value to formerly disrespected identities and altering patterns of representation and communication that had previously marginalized minority groups.  [3]  The concept has also a lot to do with economic interests besides political motives. It is a platform used to remedy political and economic injustices that people claim to have suffered because they belong to a minority status. Blum (1992) differentiates antiracism and multiculturalism by stating that the former deals with victimization and resistance and the latter deals with cultural life, cultural expression, achievements, and the like (Blum, 1992, p. 14)  [4]  . Some of the accommodations sought by multiculturalists include exemptions from certain laws on religious grounds, special treatment in issues that the majority do unassisted, funding for language schools and associations, special quotas of representation in government bodies, recognition of their cultural codes and practices in the legal system, and some form of self government rights. Inability of the Liberal Democratic Western States to Recognize Multiculturalism Parvin (2009) gives a concise description of debate on multiculturalism and minority rights that begun in the 1990s and how this debate continues to raise important questions in matters concerning the role of the liberal states in citizenship and community.  [5]  From the 1970 to early 1990 was a period when many academics and public opinion drivers gave full support to multiculturalism as the way forward towards a more cohesive and tolerant Europe. It was a period when philosophical literature had gradually become multiculturalist as most of the western European states adopted multiculturalism in an attempt to include minority marginalized groups into the mainstream liberal culture. Multiculturalism was also seen as the only way to protect minority groups from undue pressures of the dominant cultures. As is expected with such philosophical movements that later become political issues, multiculturalism became a liberal political theory and is gradually losing recognition in most European governments. The causes of the waning recognition of multiculturalism by western European states range from crucial ambiguities associated with preferential treatment of minorities to extremist threats to security occasioned by terrorist activities perpetrated under the appearance of multiculturalism. The emergence of terrorist atrocities globally, increased anxieties over the decreased popularity of civic and national identities, and the potential for cultural recognition to pave way for practices that go against liberal principles have made many academics and policy makers to steer clear from everything associated with multiculturalism. It has now become apparent that most liberal European governments do not want to offer special treatment to cultural minorities. The emphasis has been shifted to promoting common bonds that unite rather than divide citizens of democratic states. This argument can best be understood through an analysis of philosophical literature about multiculturalism and the ch anges taking place in the political landscape in most European countries (Parvin, 2009)  [6]  . The rise in cases of terrorism, decreasing relevance in civic and national identity, and the likelihood of some cultural practices being against the principles of liberal states, have made multiculturalism redundant. Liberal governments of the west are gradually finding themselves unable to keep on recognizing and upholding multiculturalism especially in concepts that call for special treatment for minorities and still retain equality for all citizens.  [7]   There was a time when multiculturalism made sense in liberal democracies the world over. There was a mutual agreement between those involved in matters of liberal traditions on how a united Europe, and the whole world by extension, was supposed to look like and how it would best be politically portrayed. It was imperative to acknowledge the fact that every individual possessed the right to live a meaningful and appreciated life, have the freedom of expression, and be free from constraints of belief and activities imposed by other members of the society from the majority groups. It was also important to mutually agree that no group could claim to be morally significant or commanding more respect than others. The state was expected to uphold and protect the constitutional and legal rights of every member of the society and to ensure that all were treated justly. There was a broad consensus among libertarians and even liberal egalitarians on the importance of respecting individual freed om and equality. The aim was to make the world as free as possible from governmental interventions and impositions. The emergence of communism changed the way multiculturalism was perceived in liberal democratic states of the west. The impact of communism on multiculturalism can be traced to social theory theorists like Charles Taylor who came up with social thesis as a critique of liberal political theory.  [8]  Conservative thinkers on the other hand foresaw a break up of national unity and took steps to differentiate between the pursuit of self-respect through isolated individual cases and as minority groups bearing distinct identities. The conservative thinkers were of the opinion that the need for self respect should not be an individual pursuit but it should rather be a pursue for ties that bind the society together. Individualistic concerns were perceived as an impoverished conception of freedom (Parvin, 2009, p. 352)  [9]  . The debate over group versus individual recognition has become a major concern for political theorists and liberal thinkers as well. The importance of groups is seen in the role they play in shaping peoples identity and political affiliation. There have also been deliberative democrats, including Amy Gutmann and Joshua Cohen who propose that group diversity be accepted through a continuous process of deliberating over the policies and institutions that address citizen rights.  [10]   Minorities in most of Europe are declaring their position, and what was sparked off by a need for recognition by the Jewish community has generally spread to other groups which are marginalized because of their lifestyle, race or gender. The themes of the threats posed by the intense debate on mutliculuralism are worrying the majority populations in Europe. The main aim of policy over most of the last centuries have been to assert the position of the majority and their dominion over the minority groups. This segregation is worrying at the least and the culture of victimization is the main reason why the struggle for equality and multiculturalism is so powerful. The dying sentiment about multiculturalism in Europe is best exemplified by French President Nicholas Sarkozys expulsion of Romanian immigrants which was against the EU laws because Romania is an EU member. The action would have warranted the need to take action against Sarkozy but the EU simply turned a blind eye and did nothing. This implied that even the EU feels that the liberal states have reached a point where they can not afford to keep on giving special attention to minority groups in their countries. Modern philosophers so far agree on the fact that multiculturalism and political correctness are important elements in a liberal democracy. Just like the American Constitution guarantees freedom of speech, equality, and pursuit of happiness, the European Court of Human Rights forbids elected governments from interfering with principles aimed at bringing about progress to the citizens. Sarkozys expulsion of Romanian immigrants, and the EUs failure to take action, however shows the decreasing popularity of the European Court of Human Rights. This is mainly because of the dying appeal of advanced elite values that are unworkable. Most people would prefer to be their own judges of what is right and what is wrong. Politically correct liberal consensus is seen as naive and Marxist. In the Netherlands, Geert Wilders who heads the Dutch Nationalist party is known for calling on the government to evict Muslims because, as he alleges, they are destroying the country just on the basis of naive decrees from the European Court of Human Rights.  [11]   Liberal democratic nation-states of the west can longer afford multiculturalism when they address the question about how far they can continue to accommodate immigrants who do not make any attempts to accept their host countrys principles. In most European countries the reluctance of immigrants to weave into the social fabric by adopting the progressive principles poses a threat of disintegrating the society. The situation is even made worse when these immigrants go ahead to agitate for recognition of their cultures at the expense of progress. However governments in European countries are obligated to accept and integrate immigrants who come with different cultural principles and religions.  [12]   When equality is promised to immigrants it leads to a situation where they create resistance whenever they are excluded from welfare policies. This is because the immigrants perceive democratic values as a guarantee for equal representation in decision making processes. The problem comes in when this equality is not well defined leading to a situation where the demands for equality surpass democratic principles. The issue of multiculturalism is most clearly explained using Frasers analogy that the struggle for recognition and the spread of the resources as two mutually interconnected but distinct and irreducible paradigms of justice (Fraser 200, p.125)  [13]  . The two issues focus on two different things. Governments in most liberal nation states of the west today perceive the adoption of multiculturalism as an obstacle to their concerted efforts of forming universal standards of co-existence and integration with different cultures. This makes multiculturalism difficult to maintain in view of the fact nation states are formed and expect to maintain a single dominant culture. The contradicting positions that result from this debate have been developing over the years to an extent that most liberal nation states in Europe are opting to adopt a stand based on moral evaluation of cultural groups rather than cultural equity within a society. The question of cultural identity and recognition has become more complex as nation states start regarding and evaluating moral values of cultures they are supposed to accommodate. The only solution lies in addressing the issue without overemphasizing the importance of one culture over another and by concentrating on how different cultures can be integrated into the current social and public movements. Acceptances of Multiculturalism Most theorists agree on the fact that transnational migrations are gradually eroding the cultural composition of nation-states in the form of citizenship. Rights are being pursued on residency status rather than on citizenship making the distinction between citizen and alien statuses quite unclear. Primarily this is an issue with migrant, or in a politically correct name, guest workers in most liberal democratic countries of Western Europe. This is the first group that agitates for acceptance of multiculturalism. They were originally recruited during the labor shortages of the 1950s that stretched to the 1970s. Their descendants have continued to grow in population in Western Europe over the years even after the recruitment of guest laborers ceased. The termination of recruitment was occasioned by the 1973 oil crisis.  [14]  They have become permanent residents together with their spouses and children. Most of them have never sought for citizenship mainly because they have the sa me civil and social rights as the citizens of these countries and hence consider naturalization processes as a waste of time. They however lack political rights like full citizens. Blum (1992) differentiates antiracism and multiculturalism by stating that the former deals with victimization and resistance and the latter deals with cultural life, cultural expression, achievements, and the like (Blum, 1992, p. 14)  [15]  . Some of the accommodations sought by multiculturalists include exemptions from certain laws on religious grounds, preferential treatment in issues that the majority do unassisted, funding for language schools and associations, special quotas of representation in government bodies, recognition of their cultural codes and practices in the legal system, and some form of self government rights. The other group that supports multiculturalism is those who propose that the noncitizens deserve to be given those rights because they are entitled to universal rights of personhood as stipulated by the international human rights conventions. Proponents of multiculturalism further propose that these rights have a supremacy over national citizenship. Rights increasingly assume universality, legal uniformity, and abstractness, and are defined at the global level. Identities, in contrast, still express particularity and are conceived of as territorially bounded. As an identity, national citizenship . . . still prevails. But in terms of its translation into rights and privileges, it is no longer a significant construction (Soysal 1998, p. 208)  [16]  . Challenge of multiculturalism of citizenship on liberal democratic nation-states Multiculturalism poses a challenge to nation-states basically because of the fact that transnational migrations are gradually eroding the cultural composition of nation-states in the form of citizenship. Rights are being pursued on residency status rather than on citizenship making the distinction between citizen and alien statuses quite unclear. Multiculturalism goes against the foundation of nation-states of the west since most of them were formed by a single dominant culture and expect to maintain this status in order to effectively compete with other states. The contradicting positions that result from this debate have been developing over the years to an extent that most liberal nation states in Europe are opting to adopt a stand based on moral evaluation of cultural groups rather than cultural equity within a society.  [17]   When immigrants take collective action they end up eroding and transcending the nation-state boundaries. This happens against the background of advances in technology, international communication and means of travel which make it possible for immigrants to stay in touch with their homelands. Soysal (1998) sums the effects of transnational migration by stating that: In a world within which rights, and identities as rights, derive their legitimacy from discourses of universalistic personhood, the limits of nationness, or of national citizenship, for that matter, become inventively irrelevant (p. 210-211)  [18]  . . EU and the acceptance of multiculturalism The way forward in the acceptance of multiculturalism in Europe is in negotiating and transcending cultural differences politically. The current scenario is best described by Modood Werbner (1997) who state that the political theatre in which these cultural, ethnic, national and ideological differences must be negotiated is that of the so-called New Europe, a mass of land delimited by cultural and historical enmities and exclusions, frequently of the most barbaric kind (p. 261)  [19]  . Such an analysis is made necessary because, as Modood (1995) state: Critics of multiculturalism have argued à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ that the culture of multiculturalism is not the vital, gradually changing, creative, mimetic, unreflective, unbounded and hybrid culture that anthropologists study. It is a far more reified and politicised imagined entity, the object of representation by elected and self-appointed group spokespersons who stress its inviolability as a sacred domain of collective sovereignty. This assumption is what makes the negotiation of difference so difficult: finding common cultural and political grounds requires the pooling not only of political but also of cultural sovereignty, embodied in public respect for the symbols and values of the other, the incoming stranger with the promotion of anti-racism a central goal (p. 262)  [20]  . The growth of multiculturalism in Western Europe has not gone unchallenged. Most governments have taken steps to check on the development multiculturalism lest it seriously challenges the prerogatives of the nation states. However there is still more to be done especially on the common EU policies on migration and ethnic relations. These EU policies should be well coordinated with those of member states to oversee the necessary restrictions. A good example is the 1995 Schengen Accord that brought about a well coordinated system of implementing stricter controls on illegal immigrations. The 1992 Maastricht Treaty created a common system that could be used to give European citizenship to immigrants from other countries. This treaty offers a control on freedom of movement and the rights of residence in EU member states. Goodwin-Gill (1985) describes these treaties by stating that: Their generality accommodates many shades of opinion, and what really counts is how the scheme of protection is worked out at the local level, particularly with regard to subsidiary rights and procedural guarantees. . . . Even under the European Convention on Human Rights the jurisprudence adopted . . . and the interpretation of civil rights has sanctioned serious limitations upon non nationals entitlement to substantive and procedural due process. Deportation, termination of a residence permit, and the grant or refusal of entry, have all been found by the European Commission not to involve civil rights (p. 566-68)  [21]   It is hard to determine how immigrants and minority dispute a liberated nation and state as it is required by an integrated nationality.  [22]  When comparing this aspect between German and Britain in the early 1990 we find that it is unenthusiastic in the sense that the immigrants and the other cultural minorities challenge as liberated nation. It is clear that the being identified by the nation and state one come from is very important. Being identified by the state and the nation a person comes from is relatively crucial to an individual particularly the immigrants and the cultural minority people. A good example of the minority demands to be identified by their country of origin and location of origin is the Kosovo Albanians in German. Despite being the immigrants and staying in German for many years and acquired the citizenship of the country. Their demand to be identified as natives of their original country still stands. They feel as if they do not belong anywhere that is they cannot be identified as Germans at the same time they are immigrant in Germany. This confusion has attributed to the demands for an allocation of a state where they could identify themselves with. This according to the Albanians will give them a haven to be identified with.  [23]   These particular groups have backing up motives to their claims, for instance the Albanians claims to have an upper hand in the building of Germany. They claim to have a say in the country and therefore the need to be identified not only as immigrants but Kosovo nationality immigrants. By their reorganization, the immigrants will acquire a more legal way to contribute to the building of the inhabited country.  [24]   In German it has been seen that the immigrants have gone to the extent of interfering with the politics of the country. They amount to the biggest group of people who fail to vote in any election. This interference has brought to delays in passing of motions and the general integration of the country. This is one of the factors that has led to failure on growth of many European countries particularly German. Majority of the immigrants and minority cultures contribute little or nothing to the growth of the country yet claim to be recognized. . Conclusion Multiculturalism when taken positively is a good concept as it leads to moral and political recognition of disadvantaged and frequently discriminated groups like African Americans in the United States, women worldwide, and other groups like gays, and the disabled. Europe should continue to accommodate issues of pluri-cultural equality. There will always be challenges in every imaginable form from increase in terrorism to decreased relevance of civic and national identity but the liberal governments of the west should find ways to cope with the demands of multiculturalism instead of closing their doors to other cultures.

C. Vann Woodwards The Strange Career of Jim Crow Essay -- Woodward St

C. Vann Woodward's The Strange Career of Jim Crow In the field of history, it is rare that an author actually comes to shape the events discussed in their writing. However, this was the case for C. Vann Woodward and his book, The Strange Career of Jim Crow. First published in 1955, it discusses this history of race relations in America, more specifically the Jim Crow laws he equates with the segregation of races. Woodward argues that segregation itself was a fairly new development within the South, and did not begin until after Reconstruction ended. He further argues that since the South has seen so much change, citing the Civil War, Reconstruction, and the development of the Jim Crow laws, it is possible for more changes to occur in a movement away from segregation. Though to a modern reader this seems like a logical argument following the events of history as they occurred, it must be remembered that Woodward was writing during the time period in which all of this was happening and nothing was certain. As William S. McFeely states in his afterword, what Woodward â€Å"so modestly stated, was, in fact, a call for the overthrow of what was perceived to be the very grounding of Southern society.† Unlike most historians, Woodward wrote about segregation and the Civil Rights Movement with such proximity that he came to affect public opinion of the time period as well as the final outcome of events. Furthermore, Woodward wrote with what we can now see to be accurate foresight as well as with a clear understanding of historical writing and the challenges it can pose. In order to support his argument that Jim Crow laws were not developed during the era of slavery in the South, the traditional belief, but rather later in ... ...ctive. But someone has to make a beginning.† Making a beginning is exactly what C. Vann Woodward accomplished with the publication of The Strange Career of Jim Crow. A Southerner, he rebelled against other interpretations, unafraid of provoking anger or disagreement during his era. It is his work which laid the groundwork for future publications and in turn greatly influenced Americans’ opinions of his era and thereafter. Any criticisms of his interpretations would be due to his inability to see the future, and these were usually mistakes he attempted to remedy through revisions and later publications of the book, which, in a true testament to its importance, has yet to go out of print. When the rare occurrence of a historical work affecting the course of history occurs, such as this one, the importance of both the work and the historian becomes clear.

Graduation Speech: Standing at the Edge of a New Frontier

As we gather here today, in the seeming twilight of our too-short times together, we embrace the moment, then set sail upon our separate journeys that will take us to fabulous places presently unknown. Securely anchored in the memory of our past experiences together, we depart cautiously, anxiously from the calm harbor of our present, and set sail with uncertainty toward the distant horizon of our futures. Where this journey will take us, and whether our paths will ever cross again, no one can know for certain. We have been through a great many things together — experiences which have shaped our character and colored our lives. As we gaze back upon our prior travels, upon oceans of the â€Å"known,† we are tempted to conclude that we have reached our final destination, and that our purpose is fulfilled. Yet in our quest to find and touch the future, our search for knowledge is only getting started. In the words of Sir Winston Churchill, â€Å"This is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning...† As we carry forward — through the ...

The Need For Federal Government Involvement In Education Reform :: essays research papers

The Need for Federal Government Involvement in Education Reform by____________ Political Science 2301 Federal and State Government OVERVIEW For centuries, generations of families have congregated in the same community or in the same general region of the country. Children grew up expecting to earn a living much like their fathers and mothers or other adults in their community. Any advanced skills they required beyond the three R's (Readin', Ritin' and Rithmatik) were determined by the local community and incorporated into the curriculum of the local schools. These advanced skills were taught to the up- and-coming generation so they could become a vital part of their community. The last several decades has greatly expanded the bounds of the "community" to almost anywhere in the country or anywhere in the world for that matter. Advances in transportation and communication has made the world a much smaller place then the world we knew as children. The skills our children need to realize parents' perpetual dream of "their children having a better life" are no longer limited to those seen in the local area. It is becoming more and more apparent that the education system of yesterday cannot adequately prepare students for life and work in the 21st Century. These concerns have prompted people across the country to take a hard look at our education system and to organize their efforts to chance the education system as we know it. WHAT'S HAPPENING OUT THERE? There are two major movements in recent years whose focus is to enhance the education of future generations. The "Standards" movement focuses on educational content and raising the standards of traditional teaching and measurement means and methods. The "Outcome Based Education" (OBE) movement is exploring new ways of designing education and changing the way we measure the effectiveness of education by focusing on results or outcomes. STANDARDS MOVEMENT In September 1989, President Bush and the nation's governors called an Education Summit in Charlottesville, Virginia. At this summit, President Bush and the nation s governors, including then-governor Bill Clinton, agreed on six broad goals for education to be reached by the year 2000. Two of those goals (3 and 4) related specifically to academic achievement: * Goal 3: By the year 2000, American students will leave grades 4, 8, and 12 having demonstrated competency in challenging subject matter including English, mathematics, science, history, and geography; and every school in America will ensure that all students learn to use their minds well, so they may be prepared for responsible citizenship, further learning, and productive employment in our modern economy. * Goal 4: By the year 2000, U.S. students will be first in the world in science