What Was the Gang of Four in China

The Gang of Four, or siren bang, was a group of four influential Chinese Communist Party figures during the latter years of Mao Zedongs rule. The Gang consisted of Maos wife, Jiang Qing, and her associates Wang Hongwen, Yao Wenyuan, and Zhang Chunqiao. Wang, Yao, and Zhang were all major party officials from Shanghai. They rose to prominence during the Cultural Revolution (1966-76), pushing Maos policies in Chinas second city. When Maos health began to decline over that decade, they gained control of a number of major government functions. The Cultural Revolution It is not clear how much control the Gang of Four really exercised over the policies and decisions surrounding the Cultural Revolution, and to what extent they simply carried out Maos wishes. Although the Red Guards who implemented the Cultural Revolution across the country did revive Maos political career, they also brought a dangerous degree of chaos and destruction to China. The unrest sparked a political struggle between a reformist group, including Deng Xiaoping, Zhou Enlai, and Ye Jianying, and the Gang of Four. When Mao died on Sept. 9, 1976, the Gang of Four sought to take control of the country, but in the end, none of the major players took power. Maos choice  and his eventual successor  was the previously little known but reform-minded Hua Guofeng. Hua publicly denounced the excesses of the Cultural Revolution. On Oct. 6, 1976, he ordered the arrest of Jiang Qing and the other members of her cabal. The official press gave the purged officials their nickname, The Gang of Four, and asserted that Mao had turned against them in the last year of his life.  It also blamed them for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution, setting off a nationwide round of denunciations against Jiang and her allies. Their major supporters in Shanghai were invited to Beijing for a conference  and were immediately arrested as well. On Trial for Treason In 1981, the members of the Gang of Four went on trial for treason and other crimes against the Chinese state. Among the charges were the deaths of 34,375 people over the course of the Cultural Revolution, as well as the persecution of three-quarters of a million innocent Chinese. The trials were strictly for show, so the three male defendants did not mount any defense. Wang Hongwen and Yao Wenyuan both confessed to all the crimes with which they were charged  and offered their repentance. Zhang Chunqiao quietly and steadfastly maintained his innocence throughout. Jiang Qing, on the other hand, yelled, cried, and ranted during her trial, shouting that she was innocent and had only obeyed orders from her husband, Mao Zedong. The Gang of Fours Sentencing In the end, all four defendants were convicted. Wang Hongwen was sentenced to life in prison; he was released to a hospital in 1986  and died of an unspecified liver ailment in 1992 at just 56 years of age. Yao Wenyuan received a 20-year sentence; he was released from prison in 1996  and passed away from complications of diabetes in 2005.   Both Jiang Qing and Zhang Chunqiao were sentenced to death, although their sentences were later commuted to life in prison. Jiang was moved to house arrest at her daughters home in 1984  and committed suicide in 1991. She reportedly had been diagnosed with throat cancer and hanged herself to avoid suffering any longer from the condition. Zhang was released from prison on medical grounds in 1998 after being diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. He lived until 2005. The downfall of the Gang of Four signaled widespread changes for the Peoples Republic of China. Under Hua Guofeng and the rehabilitated Deng Xiaoping, China moved away from the worst excesses of the Mao era. It established diplomatic and trade relations with the United States and other western countries  and began to pursue its current course of economic liberalization paired with firm political control.

Marc Chagall Essay - 1399 Words

Marc Chagall Marc Chagall as an artist and as a person cannot be categorized. He was born in Vitebsk, Russia, learned to paint in St. Petersburg and lived in Paris, Berlin, and the United States. His career is influenced by many different factors. His Hasidic Jewish upbringing reflected in the content of his paintings greatly. The lyrical fairy tales of Jewish mysticism, the stories of the Bible, and the Rabbis and scholars who surrounded him in his childhood come out onto his work. When he went to art school in St. Petersburg it was the period when he became exposed to the avant-garde movement in art. With Leon Bakst he saw the reproductions of Fauve canvases, the sketches of Van Gogh and of Cezzanne his ambition to go to Paris was†¦show more content†¦Chagall in order to continue painting used a patterned tablecloth instead of a canvas. He did not disguise this surface but retained elements of it in his composition. You can see the pattern over the fiddler’s shoulder and on his leg. He has the fiddler floating in mid-air with the town below him above and beside him. The different buildings in the town are arranged in geometric shapes and lines. The most important thing as in all Chagall compositions is the symbolism. The fiddler symbolizes severa!l things at once, a memory from Chagall’s childhood, from his homeland and on a personal level himself. His childhood memory was that of his uncle Neuch who didn’t play the violin very well but who was enthusiastic when he played it. Its wider Russian significance is that of the failed revolution of 1905. Th e leader of this revolution was a Jewish fiddler named Edouard Sormus, who led workers through the streets to fight for their rights. Chagall saw himself in the fiddler, a solitary individual, isolated by the strangeness and mystery of art. The whole build-up of the painting reinforces the poetical dimension of the picture. This painting was important to Chagall. He used the symbol of the fiddler in other composition, for example The Violinist (1911), and The Green Violinist (1923-24). Another major work of his, the painting I and the Village (1911-1914) suggests the complexities of opposition and unity, the confrontationShow MoreRelatedCase Study, Marc Chagall1973 Words   |  8 Pagesartist you have studied this year. Refer to work done by this artist to substantiate your statements. Marc Chagall was a Russian/French artist who was born into a poor family of Hassidic Jews on the 7th July 1887. Throughout his working life he was based in Russia from 1906-1910, then he moved to France for four more years before moving back to Russia and Soviet Belarus for eight years. Chagall was strongly influenced, but not limited to, movements such as Cubism, Fauvism and Surrealism. These movementsRead MoreMarc Chagall s Over Vitebsk 1215 Words   |  5 PagesJasmine Walthall Erik Day Art Appreciation 22 April 2015 Marc Chagall’s Over Vitebsk Most artist art work reflects the artist’s inner self, their feelings and thoughts about the world around them. Art is a way for artists to let whatever is in, out. It is also a way for them to show his or her inner thoughts and feelings about something to the rest of the world. Whether it be Upton Sinclair showing the world the nastiness of the meat packing industry and the struggles of the low class immigrantsRead MoreThe White Crucifixion By Marc Chagall1438 Words   |  6 Pages In 1938, Marc Chagall painted the first portrait of his crucifixion series. The White Crucifixion was developed from his own life experiences and combined both traditional and new customs to further showcase the interrelation between the disheveled state of humanity that has continued to exist. This painting has stirred a lot of controversy over the years because of Chagall’s sudden change in themes. Previously, Chagall focused on creating artworks centered on Jewish representations, but switchedRead MoreCompare?Contrast Van Gogh and Chagall806 Words   |  4 PagesComparte/Contrast Van Gogh and Chagall For this essay, I chose to compare and contrast Vincent van Gogh’s â€Å"Starry Night† with Marc Chagall’s â€Å"I and the Village†. The two pieces are lovely and most interesting to evaluate in relationship to one another. I personally love both artists and upon closely examining these famous pieces, I have noticed how similar yet different these works of art are. Vincent van Gogh was a deeply troubled, post-impressionist artist and his painting â€Å"Starry Night†Read MoreMovements in Art Report Essay1427 Words   |  6 Pagesdefined as I would personally like, but that may have been the artist’s intentions. Perhaps Heckel wanted his audience to view this piece as relaxed, leisurely, and out of order. Perhaps, that is what got Heckel into the Degenerate Art exhibit. Marc Chagall was born into a Hasidic Jewish family and studied art in France and Russia. All three of these influences can be found in his work titled The Fiddler. This quasi-cubist painting displays a use of highly contrasted colors to bring to life a fiddlerRead More Russian Art, Music and Literature Essay860 Words   |  4 Pagesthe world. It should be no surprise that the rich Russian culture is producing so much talent, and everyone around the world seems to enjoy it. Great artists such as Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky (music), Valery Yakovlevich Bryusov (literature), and Marc Chagall (art) have shared Russia’s culture with the rest of the world. Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky is mostly known for his great musicals. One of his greatest musicals â€Å"The Nutcracker† has been turned into an ice show in United States of America. PeggyRead MoreThe Life Of Belarus1525 Words   |  7 Pagesreligious funeral services are rites observed by most Belarusians, and the government recognizes important religious holidays as state holidays. Marc Chagall Marc Chagall was the eldest of nine children born to Khatskl Shagal and Mendelevna Chagall in the settlement town of Liozna an area that boasted a high concentration of jews. Raised in a Hasidic family, Chagall attended local Jewish religious schools - obligatory for Russian Jews during this time, since discrimination policies prohibited mixing ofRead MoreA Study On Reims Cathedral2054 Words   |  9 Pageswindows, produced in collaboration with Marc Chagall and Charles Marq. Marc Chagall, born July 6th, 1887, and died March 28th, 1985, was a Russian-French Artist that explored a variety of artistic media; including contemporary stained glass artwork . The artist was commissioned to substitute three replacement stained glass windows in Reims Cathedral’s Axial Chapel in November 1968. The windows are, equally, an item of design on behalf of the artist, Marc Chagall, who produced a variety of developmentRead MoreArt, Art And Art915 Words   |  4 PagesPaintings are often displayed at museums or art galleries in order to allow people to admire them and analyze their meaning. A painting that is displayed at the Albright-Knox art gallery in Buffalo, New York is La Vie Paysanne. French-Russian artist, Marc Chagall, painted La Vie Paysanne in the year 1925. In La Vie Paysanne, the subject matter is the life of the peasants in France. This is portrayed by the many symbols in the painting, such as the way in which the people are dressed in very simple garmentsRead MoreMy Feelings On Various Works of Art Essay examples1056 Words   |  5 Pages compared to the elaborate works of art from the past. A lot modern art seems to be more about style and abstractness, leaving the observer to form their own interpretation of what they see in the piece. I think that artists like Picasso, Marc Chagall, Piet Mondrian, and Paul Klee, for example (who represent modern art), display a child-like style (as if a child could have painted them). In my opinion, art and architecture were most impressive between the Greek and Classical periods.

Computer and Network security TA Management

Questions: 1. Identify the various tools and techniques used by attackers and the types of attack that can be launched by using these tools or techniques. 2. Distinguish between the various types of attack and their consequences. 3. Compare and contrast the various tools and techniques that can be used to protect computer systems and networks from attack and to select appropriate tools or techniques for dealing with specific attacks. 4. Set up and configure a range of network security tools and devices. 5. Analyse a problem and devise one or more solutions to it. Answer: Introduction Network security is the key issue for the computing generation, since the rate of attack by the hackers is increasing at a fast pace(Abbasi et al.2011)Network security is consist of policies and provisions adopted by the network administrators in order to prevent various kinds of attacks such as data misuse, unauthorized access, modification, malicious computer network, network-accessible resources. Network security follows a significant process in order to protect the digital information assets, security goals to protect the confidentiality, assure availability and maintain integrity. 1. Identification of various tools and techniques used by the attacker Network hackers use a variety of tool and techniques to attack a system. The popular hacking tools are falls under the following categories. Wireless attack tool Wireless attack tools have been developed to compromise the 802.11 networks. The widespread and popular use of Wi-Fi, offers a platform to the attacker based on which they cause the disruption (Balasundaram et al. 2011). Confidentiality attack tools On intercepting over the wireless link, attackers attempt to gather private information. Eavesdropping, access point (AP), key cracking and phishing attacks are some of the attack techniques. Eavesdropping- The commonly used tool of eavesdropping is Wireshark. It is basically a sniffing program that will display all the network traffic both wireless and wired. It is a multi-platform, multi protocol analyzer supporting hundreds of protocols and includes decryption support for various popular security protocols that include Wired Equivalent privacy (WEP), IP security, Wi-fi protected access, Kerberos, Key management Protocol, Internet security association, etc(Barbern et al.2012). Moreover, Wireshark display the captured data in an easy to read and easy to follow format. It has built in filters that is used to capture specific data i.e. Protocol, port number or IP address. Sniffing- Apart from capturing and displaying the packets from physical layer, the sniffing programs possess installed plugins and filters enable to manipulate data creating a man in the middle attack. Phishing- AP Phishing, renowned as Evil Twin is a confidentiality attack, where the users are misguided to logon to fake APs thus providing the credentials to the attacker. These fake logon pages are created to collect confidential data, credentials, credit card information, password of users (Canto-Perello et al. 2013). In process, the user is compelled to download a series of viruses i.e. Trojan horses. Tools such as APsniff, APhunter, KNSGEM, Hotspotter scan the wireless AP beacon signals. Types of attack launched by these tools Here are some basic attacks launched by the above tools and techniques. Security threat The key security threats include denial of services, unauthorized access to data and network resources, uncontrolled access to internet, accidental delete of confidential data, etc. Virus attack A computer virus is a small executable code, that when replicated or executed performs different harmful and unwanted functions in a computer network (Chen et al.2011). Viruses destroy the processors, hard disk, consumes large space memory and effect the overall system performance. Trojan is a malicious code that is not replicated, however, destroys critical data. Unauthorized access to data When hackers gain access to the data and network resources through the process of Eavesdropping or Sniffing. Cryptography attack and theft of information It is another threat to network that causes loss of essential information. DoS Denial of services (DoS), is the explicit attempt by the hackers that prevents the legitimate user from using a service from the network resource (Cohen et al.2012). DoS attack execute the malware by consumption of computational resources, disk space, memory, disrupt the configuration information, physical network components, unsolicited reset of TCP sessions. Installation of unauthorized applications It is the installation of unauthorized software applications to the network servers and client computers. Installation of malicious program applications, causes a number of security threats in the form of songs, codec, gaming software, web-based applications, video programs, etc. Application level attack The attacker exploits the weakness in application layer i.e. faulty control in the while filtering input in the server side, security weakness in web server (Deng et al.2013). The examples of such attack include SQL injection, web server attack and malicious software attack. 2. Distinguish between various types of attack and their consequences IP spoofing Spoofing of IP address involves the creation of malicious TCP/IP packets by using various IP addresses as the source. This is intended to conceal the hackers identity and impersonate the identity of IP address owner (Ding, 2011). On spoofing of the source address, the recipient will reply to the source address, whereas the packet will be hard to trace back the attacker. IP spoofing gives rise to the following consequences. Denial of Service attack(DoS) A large number of packet is send by the attacker to the victim and all the replies from the user is directed towards the spoofed IP address thus preventing the legitimate user from service. Man in the middle It involves the hijacking of an authenticated network session taking place between two hosts. The attacker utilize the spoofed IP address and between two hosts and use them to send and receive packets (Ghani et al.2013). Hijacking of connection While the authentication takes place between two hosts, the attacker take advantage of this and send a reset to the client through which it kills the connection for the client and spoofs the client and continues session with the server using spoofed IP address(Hutchins et al.2011). It has the following consequences: Session or connection hijacking exploits the authenticated machine by stealing cookies stored on the system or machine. Cookies are also stolen by sniffing the encrypted network traffic. These cookies are used within the web server in order to establish an unauthenticated session. ICMP attack ICMP or Internet Control message Protocol is a protocol used in the internet layer of TCP/IP suite in order to send error messages and carryout unauthorized network management tasks(Jhaveri et al.2012).Ping tool is the familiar example of ICP that is used to send echo messages in reference to know the online status of destination. The consequences considers the following. The ICMP protocol does not possess any built-in authentication and the attacker intercept the ICMP packets. Ping is used to launch the DoS attacks to the legitimate users. 3. Comparison and contrast between the various tools of computer network protection a) Application gateways These are also as proxy gateways made up of bastion software and act as a proxy software to run special software. Traditionally, it is the most secure tool that does not allow packets to pass by default (Jnanamurthy et al.2013). However, the proxy server is consist of significant application programs in order to initiate the passage of traffic. This application runs at the Application layer of ISO/OSI reference model. b) Packet filtering It is a technique through which the routers with ACLs are turned on, and by default the router passes all sorts of traffic without any restrictions. The employment of ACLs enforce the security policies in respect to the sort of access to the internal network allowed to the outside world (Kelling et al.2012). In packet filtering, the number of overheads is less than that of an application gateway, since the feature of access control is performed at the lower ISO/OSI layer. Packet filtering has significant problem when compared with Application gateways and Hybrid system. TCP/IP has no means of absolute source address, hence make use of layers of packet filters to localize the traffic(Khan and Engelbrecht, 2012). The two layers of packet filters are used to differentiate between packers that came from internal network and internet, however, it does not make way to find the actual host. c) Hybrid It is the attempt to amalgamate security applications of layer gateways with the speed and feasibility of packet filtering. The new connections are authenticated and approved at the physical layer whereas the remainder is received at the session layer, where the packet filter and passed on (Kim et al. 2011). Unlike packet filtering that identifies the network from which the packet came with certainty, but fails to get more specific than that, however, Hybrid system, provides a measure of protection against the computer network d) Closed Ports A closed port keeps the system and computer network safe from outside communication and attack. In security domain, an open port refers to the UDP and TCP ports, i.e. configured to accept the packets (Kottaimalai et al.2013). The ping request primarily identifies the hosts that are active currently. It is often used as a part of inspection activity in order to prevent a larger and coordinated attack. By removing the ability remote users so that they do not receive a ping request, the user will likely to pass over from unattended scans and script kiddies who search for easier target (Marin and Wellman, 2011). Such a system does not actually protect the user from an attack, as in packer filtering, application gateways, Hybrid system and close port system, but it reduces the chance to become a target. e) Intrusion detection system IDS investigate all the outbound and inbound network activity in order to identify the suspicious patterns that indicate a system or network attack by a hacker who tries to compromise or break into a system(Palonen and Hakkarainen, 2013). IDSs utilize advanced algorithm and traffic analysis to determine whether the probe has been conducted. A number of IDSs have been designed to address the increased requirement of anti-hacking detection, protection on denial of services (DoS), security visibility, and business defenses on e-commerce(Rehg and Kraebber, 2012). g) Intrusion prevention system IPS is takes the activity of IDS one step further by taking immediate action without any human intervention (Valente, 2012). Unlike IDS, the IPS alarms are not based on the pre-defined rules. Appropriate techniques to deal with the attacks Closed port technique The computer network is consist of various open port network by default such as FTP, UDP, TELNET, HTTP, SMTP, etc. Attackers use the following types of open ports to enter the network or system. Moreover, malicious hackers make use of port scanning software in order to detect open ports or unfiltered networks to gain unauthorized access. In contrast, utilization of closed ports ignores or rejects the connections and packets directed towards it. Ports are closed by the use of a firewall (Vu et al.2014). Hybrid system Attackers who plans for unauthorized access to network and get access to internal network have to break through the bastion host, access router and choke router on Hybrid system tool for network security. Ping service turn off Ping service turn off is an essential tool to protect network security from cryptography attack and theft of information (Weninger et al. 2011). Intrusion detection system The DoS attack is treated with the IDS by utilizing traffic analysis and advanced services. It identifies the suspicious pattern of attack by investigating on outbound and inbound network who compromise the system and prevent legitimate user from the service. 4. Set up and configuration of network security tools The interaction between controller and workstation secured by using the Internet key exchange protocol (IKE) and Internet protocol security ( IPsec). IPSec is a set of extensions to the IP protocol family that ensure integrity, data authentication and encryption, encryption and integrity of IP packets (Wrzus et al.2013). IKE securely negotiate the property of security associations, of IPsec enabled peers, i.e. Andover Continuum controllers, workstations, etc. It takes place once all of the following tasks are addressed. Setting up and configuration of network security includes the following steps: Step 1: Determination if the network security is enabled for the controller Step 2: Configuration of controller for secure communications Step 3: Configuration of network security on the workstation (Zhu et al.2012). Step 4: Activation of network security for the controller Task Configuration Description Step 1 Cyber station software To determine whether or not the site has purchased the option of network security specifically for the net II 9680 and ACX 57x0 controller (Balasundaram et al.2011). Step 2 Controller Configuration of the network security settings within the controller Step 3 Workstation It edits, import, assign and export the local security policy of Schneider Electric network on the workstation (Barbern et al.2012). Step 4 Cyber station software It set up the network security attributes for a new controller or existing controller. Before starting the configuration of controllers and workstations, it is essential to ensure the required software and hardware in order to configure the network security successfully. The required hardware and software in configuration setting: The workstation software Windows 2000 SP4, windows server 2003, Windows XP SP2, Continuum cyber station v1.8 (and higher) The hardware controller ACX 57x0 series Netcontroller II 9680 Access privilege Administration privilege on the workstation is used to configure the Local security policy (Canto-Perello et al.2013). Administrative privileges make the controller login into web configuration pages and configure the properties of network security. Network IP address Identify the static IP address for each workstation to ensure security. Make sure each controller possess an available IP address. While setting up the controller of network security configuration, the following security options are used. Network security configuration- This option allows different levels of network security that include factory default, a network security policy that require authentication of Andover continuum traffic and its encryption (Chen et al.2011). Peer to peer security configuration- This option allows the communication between each controller and workstation. It also authenticates the each others identity by utilizing the same shared authorization secret. Web server security options- This option allows the application of network security level that is selected under network security options to the web servers of controllers (Cohen et al.2012). The network security options are applied to all levels of web configuration of the following options is turned on. 5. Analysis of a problem and devising one or more solution to it Analysis of a problem Hackers can attack any network in a million of ways. Attackers can target a network without even connecting to it or using the same network for locating it. Attackers can exfiltrate the data without even compromising the ultimate target. Attackers tend to compromise the network devise and delete the log records, confuse network behavioral analysis by the generation of all sorts of traffic. However, on analysis, it has been concluded that, such type of hacking does not alter the packet stream while it is captured (Deng et al.2011).Thus, this becomes the key player of the data that has been collected to perform advanced analysis of network security. Theft of data through network breach during communication between controller and workstation is analyzed, however, in order to figure out the root cause, the data have used to analyze and draw conclusions about what is happening in the environment (Ding, 2011). This analysis has been done by indexing the data, additional context has been used to supplement and enrich the data, alert on the data, and the last is to search through it in order to pursue an investigation on data theft. This can be done through significant technical horse power. A purpose-built data store is required to capture the full network packet stream. It requires index network traffic at the sufficient speed to provide actionable and usable information in order to shorten the exploit window (Ghani et al.2013).In order to analyze the magnitude of this challenge, a number of SIEM platforms struggle in order to handle the 10,000-15,000 events per second. It helps to capture 10-100gbps network traffic. Solution Network analyzer Virus or hacker attack typically generates an identifiable pattern or signature of packets. The network analyzer identifies the following packets and alert their presence on the network to the administrators. Most analyzers sets a alarm and that are triggered when a particular pattern is identified (Hutchins et al.2011). Some analyzers are programmed to send a page or email when these conditions are met. This assumes that the virus and its signature have been seen before and incorporated within the analyzers packet filter. The filter specifies a significant set of criteria based on which an analyzer will capture the packets or trigger alarm or some other specific pattern of action. IDS and anti-virus system An intrusive detection system and anti-virus is designed to prevent the incursion of known attacks and viruses. Moreover, the script kiddies and hackers have the access to all threat bulletins and window patches that are continuously in search of new vulnerabilities (Jhaveri et al.2012). Operating systems and firewalls often do not identify the patch until the damage already has been done. Imported disks, deliberate actions and infected system network are some of the key weak spots of security system which cannot be answered by the parameter defense alone. Probe functionality It performs all security functions required by the network such as it captures and decode the packets, analysis of the traffic levels in terms of application and active stations. Application analysis plays the key role due to the rapid increase in email volumes, which is a significant sign of virus attack. Probes are placed at the critical point of network (Jnanamurthy et al. 2013). This include default gateway, email servers and other servers that are critical and likely to be attacked. Nessus Nessus is incorporated to scan the network vulnerability. It is an open source, commercial product that analyzes the network to find any hole in it. This hole can allow the attacker to launch an attack by exploitation of the vulnerability. The other way round, security administrators use the following solution to analyze the open vulnerabilities on the system network, so that the attack can be prevented (Kelling et al. 2012). Nessus is a cross-platform tool that works on the Linux, Microsoft windows, Mac OS X. Moreover, this specific software is configured with the Graphical user interface with an user friendly tool to detect the attack between controller and workstation network. Conclusion There are numerous ways to prevent attack and ensure safety and security of network. From the above study it has been concluded that, the design flaws of TCP/IP suite of protocols is responsible for major attacks that takes place through the internet. However, by incorporating concerted efforts and various loopholes have been plugged in order to reduce the attack surface considerably. This paper identifies various network attack and also focus on the tools and defense mechanism in order to point out the vulnerabilities that causes the attack and implement ways to plug in. Reference List Abbasi, A., Altmann, J., and Hossain, L. (2011). 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Vu, H. L., Khaw, K. K., and Chen, T. Y. (2014). A new approach for network vulnerability analysis.The Computer Journal, bxt149. Weninger, T., Danilevsky, M., Fumarola, F., Hailpern, J., Han, J., Johnston, T. J., ... and Yu, X. (2011). Winacs: Construction and analysis of web-based computer science information networks. InProceedings of the 2011 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of data(pp. 1255-1258). ACM. Wrzus, C., Hnel, M., Wagner, J., and Neyer, F. J. (2013). Social network changes and life events across the life span: A meta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin,139(1), 53. Zhu, Q., Yang, X., and Ren, J. (2012). Modeling and analysis of the spread of computer virus.Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation,17(12), 5117-5124.

Sir Issac Newton Essays - Isaac Newton, Copernican Revolution

Sir Issac Newton Sir Isaac Newton English mathematician and physicist Birth December 25, 1642 Death March 20, 1727 Place of Birth Woolsthorpe, England Known for Inventing, in part, the branch of mathematics now known as calculus Formulating the three laws of motion, which describe classical mechanics Proposing the theory of universal gravitation, which explains that all bodies are affected by the force called gravity Career 1661 Entered Trinity College, University of Cambridge 1665-1666 Developed what he called the fluxional method (now known as calculus) while living in seclusion to avoid the plague 1669-1701 Served as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge 1687 Published his seminal work, Philosphiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), which contained his three laws of motion and the theory of gravitation 1703-1727 Acted as president of the Royal Society, an organization that promotes the natural sciences 1704 Published Opticks (Optics), describing his theory that white light is a blend of different colors Did You Know? Newton was reluctant to share his research with other scientists for fear they would take credit for his discoveries. Newton instigated a Royal Society investigation to prove that he invented calculus before German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Liebniz, who had published the method first. In addition to science, Newton showed an interest in alchemy, mysticism, and theology. French writer Voltaire first recorded the story that a falling apple gave Newton the inspiration for his theory of gravitation. Voltaire cited Newton's niece as his source for the story. Bibliography none

Stereotyping Heroes in Cinema

Hydration Creatine Phosphate Energy Essay

Hydration Creatine Phosphate Energy Essay Hydration: Creatine Phosphate Energy Essay Unit 1 principles of anatomy and physiology in sport Energy systems There are three different types of energy systems within the body. Through the use of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) the body is able to maintain a constant supply of energy. APT is formed during a reaction between adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a molecule of phosphate. ATP consists of a molecule of adenine and three phosphate groups. When the ADP joins with the phosphate molecule energy is stored within the bonds, when the bonds are broken the energy is released. Energy can also be released when ATP is combined with water. The body can function both aerobically and anaerobically this allows different body systems to use the one which will be most beneficial to them. During prolonged activities there will be a high amount of oxygen required will be powered by aerobic systems. For activities which require no or very little amounts of oxygen will be powered by anaerobic systems. Energy is acquired through the oxidation of mainly carbohydrates and fats. When carbohydrates are broken down they change into glucose, this can then be stored by the body as glycogen in the liver and muscles. Fats are broken down to form fatty acids. There is three ways in which ATP can be produced these are creatine phosphate energy system, the lactic acid energy system and the aerobic energy system. The creatine phosphate energy system The creatine phosphate energy system is the first energy system; it is made up of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and creatine phosphate. It is readily available and produces ATP rapidly, although it only exists in limited concentrations, only lasting for 10 seconds. The creatine phosphate is stored within the muscles and is used when the need for energy is instant or the intensity is high. This is most likely in sports such as sprinting and power events. This type of energy system produces ATP without the use of oxygen as it is such a quick process; this is why it only allows it to be used for very short periods of time. The creatine phosphate produces one molecule of ATP and one of creatine. Lactic acid energy system This is the second energy system which is able to sustain the body for longer periods of time but still at a high intensity. In this process energy is produced by the breakdown of glucose and glycogen. Just as the creatine phosphate system this works anaerobically which means without the presence of oxygen, therefore this limits in to working for only 60-90 seconds. This type of energy system would be used for activities such as the 400m which still require high intensity but over a longer period of time. During this process glucose if obtained from foods such as fats and carbohydrates, if the glucose is not required at that time it will then be stored in the body as glycogen. When glucose is broken down it produced 2 molecules of ATP as well as 2 lactic acid and heat. When glycogen is broken down it produces 2 molecules of ATP, 2 lactic acid and heat. Lactic acid is the by-product which is produced; it builds up and then diffuses into the blood and tissue fluid. When lactic acid is not removed it causes the muscles to stop contracting and fatigue will set in. Aerobic energy system The aerobic energy system produces large amounts of energy but which can last for long periods of time at low intensity. It is the long term energy system which is used in everyday activities. In the presence of oxygen glycogen and fatty acids break down producing ATP. Glucose produces 38 ATP, carbon dioxide, water and heat. When fatty acids break down they produce 129ATP, carbon dioxide, water and heat. Carbon dioxide, water and heat are the by-products but unlike lactic acid to not affect the muscles ability to contract. Recovery periods Depending on the type and intensity of activity the recovery periods will differ in order to take into account the amount of damage to the body. The length of a recovery period depends

Critical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critical analysis - Essay Example With these clearly set, one can now set on to writing, and this makes writing simple. In earlier stages, students write based on their experiences. However, in academic writing, one maybe required writing on a totally new topic, and this requires one to have good research skill. Research in academic goes beyond Google and Wikipedia, to databases with scholarly writings. One also must have the ability to read complex texts and analyze them to succeed in academic writing. Academic writing is described as an argument. This is because; one presents a case and offers support to it, in an attempt to convince others. This depends on the writers ability to present their ideas in an organized manner and persuasively. Academic writing is also an analysis where the author focuses on the how and why questions. It is advisable to start with a draft and then develop the ideas on the draft to create the final paper. Success in academic writing depends on how well one knows what they are doing as well as how they approach

Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Abortion - Essay Example topic of abortion first from a standpoint of statistical data which reinforces the fact that teen pregnancy, though declining in number, is leading to an abortion epidemic in the U.S., â€Å"In the U.S., teen abortion accounts for 19% of all procedures of this nature†(Huttenlocker, 2008). Establishing quantitative data by obtaining statistics from a reliable source is an effective approach to structuring a sound and convincing argument on any topic, especially one of this nature. Huttenlocker proceeds to establish that though teen pregnancy has actually declined in number within the last ten years, the abortion rate has not. This validates the fact that abortion is being treated as a means of birth control as opposed to being a last resort decision in extreme circumstances. By going on to include health information pertinent to teens having abortions, Huttenlocker is able to clearly establish the notion that abortion may not be the best alternative for teens, especially as a m eans of birth control, â€Å"Teens are at higher risk for post-abortion infections such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and endometritis (inflammation of the uterus), which may be caused either by the spread of an undiagnosed sexually transmitted disease into the uterus during the abortion, or by micro-organisms on the surgical instruments which are inserted into the uterus†(Huttenlocker, 2008). Huttenlocker does not exhibit specific rhetoric which serves to convince his reader as much as he presents claims supported by quantitative data thus reinforcing his credibility. This method utilized by Huttenlocker leaves little room for fallacy or the suspicion of it. This article does not leave its reader in the dust as does the following article but instead, actively informs the reader without prejudice or preaching and thus should be rated as 1 out of 4, 1 being the highest rating due to skilled rhetoric, without a great deal of unsubstantiated claims or fallacies. The next article was

Discuss how Benedicts work developed Boas vision of anthropology and Essay

Discuss how Benedicts work developed Boas vision of anthropology and whether it also represented a new direction in American anthropology - Essay Example This paper will explore what culture could have given Benedict a true sense of all this cultures. The paper will explore Benedicts work and how it sought to spread the importance of culture in individual personality formation. The paper will summarize Benedict’s views on culture capturing the views of some of her best-selling anthropological books.   The influence is quite evident as Ruth was a student of boas and she had great passion for him. It was in Columbia University in 1919 where the two started working together one as a student (Ruth) while boas were a teacher (Benedict & Mead 1977). The influence cannot be undermined given that Ruth wrote in her work about the love she had for boas. It is true that love doesn’t just happen but often is a result of attraction towards style type or ideologies presented by an individual that leads to admiration and finally love. The love of Ruth on boas must have been as a result of his ideologies and way of thinking. The work developed by boas must have had great impact and influence on Ruth. Having rise to the position of president of American anthropological association in no doubt influence American anthropology. In her search for career she attends some classes in anthropology and at that time she attended classes lectured by Alexander Goldenweiser the student for boas (Moore 2009). And he must have influenced her to continue e pursuit in the same career. It could actually be the point where she decided to pursue career in anthropology that she shared a class with a student of boas. After that class with Alexander a student for boas she actually developed great love for sociology. It is amazing how a student of boas made her feel in love with anthropology and later on having great passion for boas and his work. Alexander sent her to boas at Colombia University for further pursuit in the career. Boas took the role of a father and to her boas was like a father; in extension contribute

Social Policy Essays Structural Consensus

Social Policy Essays Structural Consensus Welfare, the Individual, and Inequalities: A Structural Consensus Evaluation Using the two competing welfare ideologies of conservatism and marxism,and their different assumptions concerning the individual and inequalities. critically evaluate aspects of social policy using structural consensus theory. Many view the maturity of a government or civilization in relation to how that community treats its most needy citizens. The UK government became a welfare state in the 1940s, (Taylor-Gooby 2004). There has recently been a shift in views on many aspects of welfare, with the future of many government programmes, or at least their scope, in question. The government and communitys struggle to improve the welfare system can be considered in light of two of the more prominent social ideologies, Marxism and conservatism. Both have strong opinions on welfare as a part of society, the role of the individual within such society, and how inequalities should be best addressed. These views are addressed more completely, however, by structural consensus theory. Marxism sees human history as a class struggle, with oppressor and oppressed wrestling for control. The dominant class controls and owns the means of production or wealth generation, and the working class in therefore controlled by them. Welfare is a result of the strength of working-class resistance to exploitation, a concession the dominant class must make to maintain social order (Anon 2005). Programmes such as welfare and pensions help to legitimise the capitalist system with the working class. Welfare then becomes another vehicle for power and control by the dominant class. Its purpose is to placate rather than empower the poor, and seeks to reduce the individual to a state of dependency on those in power (Anon 2005). According to Marxist theory, society has unfolded in a series of ever-progressing and better structures, as defined by their economic development and modes of production, from the primitive communal to slave-based to feudal to capitalist. The final stage was communism. This was predicted to be the best possible means of governance and structure of society, one that would erase inequalities and allow individuals to achieve their full potential and value within their community (Anon 2005). While communism has faded, at least as it was practised in the Soviet Union and similar countries, socialist ideas have strongly pervaded capitalist ideology, leading to the development of the capitalist welfare state common today. Marxism viewed the individual as part of a collective organism, society. Inequalities in society resulted from distinction in classes, not particular individual decisions or behaviours. Conflict was between these classes, and rooted in struggle for power. Only when class distinctions were eliminated could individuals experience equality, although the theory still views them as part of a greater collective (Taylor-Gooby 2004). Marxism assumes the individual can and will contribute to the greater community as much as they are able, and will be motivated by the common good. When society has evolved or elevated itself to this place, inequalities will be dealt with appropriately (Anon 2005). Important ideas of Marxist theory that relate to the current welfare system are the states responsibility to provide for its members and the need for redistribution of wealth. The idea of entitlement, that one must be provided for simply because one is a British citizen, is in keeping with these two ideas (Timmins 2004). Welfare is a good and natural occurrence in a mature society, and should be available as much as needed. If society is unable to provide a job, it should provide support; if a member of society is unable to support himself, the government should do so. Difficulties in the application of pure Marxist ideology have led to a broadening of its doctrines. Marxism now represents a variety of ideas and opinions, grouped by their general opposition to the capitalist society. Supporters of these views have watched in dismay as welfare reform has been introduced in various countries, and at the success the US and other countries have had with the adoption of more conservative welfare policies (Barr 2004). The problem with broad application of Marxist theory is that individuals do take advantage. Easy welfare leads to many choosing to receive benefits when they could work, which weakens society. An example of this in our society is the explosion in the numbers of those receiving incapacity benefit; the number has doubled since 1993. It is possible for the unemployed to complain of mental problems say, stress or panic attacks, and be given a life-long sick note (Nelson 2005). Persons claiming incapacity when they are in fact able-bodied, then receiving government support, does not truly benefit anyone in the long term. Well-meaning welfare provisions, such as giving increased benefit to single-parent households, has been shown to contribute to the breakdown of the family structure. An average family pays 5,000 pounds a year more in tax than they receive in benefits. If they break up, they claim 7,000 pounds more in benefits than they pay in tax (Nelson 2005). This serves as a disincentive for the poor to maintain stable family units, further eroding their independence from government support. Marxist theory would contend this is an example of a supposed benefit offered by the dominant class that really serves to oppress the working classes. Conservative theory holds to very different tenets. Conservatives stress the need for social order and the responsibility of the individual (Taylor-Gooby 2004). Traditions, usually based on the values of the majority or dominant segment of society, are important and should be respected if not practised by all members of society (Taylor-Gooby 2004). The emphasis on individuality can also be interpreted as the assumption of inequality, that people have different abilities and motivations, and are therefore more or less able to succeed in society. Advancement is seen in terms of individual decisions and actions, rather than something dictated by society or its institutions (Anon 2005). In regard to welfare, conservative theory minimises the need for welfare programmes, particularly those for the able-bodied unemployed and elderly who chose not to save or plan for their old age. The unemployed on welfare are often seen as lazy and unwilling to work (Johnston 2005). The individuals ability to hold a job and succeed in society rests upon his or her own shoulders, and not working is deemed irresponsible. This opinion, voiced by Fraser Nelson in a recent The Business article, holds that welfare is not saving people from unemployment, but from unpleasant jobs (2005). Conservatives stigmatise welfare recipients, believing the stigma or negative perception by other members of society will facilitate their move off the welfare rolls. This type of mindset, at its best, leads to the creation of jobs programmes and other vehicles to assist the individual in rising above his or her need for welfare (Johnston 2005). The conservative considers individuals who do not take such opp ortunities as unwilling to work or become self-supporting. The social policy of the British government shifted towards conservatism under the Thatcher administration, although still providing a broad welfare programme (Taylor-Gooby 2004). The problem with the conservative perspective is that it fails to fully consider the social, psychological, and economic depravity of certain segments of society or disadvantaged geographical areas. It expects everyone to be able to pull themselves up by their boot-straps, as the saying goes, regardless of whether society has afforded them the means or tools to do so (Barr 2004). Whilst some from a deprived environment will be able to self-equip themselves to the point they can compete, vocationally and other wise, with persons from advantaged backgrounds, this has historically not been the case for the majority. The logic of and benefit to and individual getting off welfare in favour of a menial job is also questionable, at least from the individuals point of view (Johnston 2005). If given the choice between working at a distasteful or unpleasant place or receiving the same monthly support from a welfare programme, many will logically take the welfare. The Centre for Policy Studies notes that A two-parent family with a stay-at-home mother on average income and a mortgage is only four pounds a week better off than a single-parent household reliant entirely on benefits (Nelson 2005). This makes encouraging the single parent to put his or her children in some type of care whilst they work a hard sell. The Marxist and Conservative viewpoints are represented today as left and right wing politically. The left wing supports broad welfare programmes and public provision; it tends to function from a collectivist viewpoint. The Gordon Browns in this camp advocate expanding the current welfare system. The right wing supports only residual welfare, opposing public provision and championing individual responsibility (Anon 2005). The British populace has been progressively moving towards a more centrist view of welfare and public provision, although sweeping reforms are yet to occur (Johnston 2005). This gives rise to a functionalist, or structural consensus theory, attitude towards the future of welfare. Unlike Marxism and Conservatism, Structural Consensus Theory focuses on the functional needs of society, and how society meets these needs (Taylor-Gooby 2004). It offers a future vision of society, based on ideals and agreeable relationships. These ideals include a central value system, holistic social order, stability, and that the functional needs of the society must be met. The focus is on society as a whole rather than the individual. Society is seen as having the right both to define common values and impose them on its members (Anon 2005). This strong social integration leads to social control and stability. The parts and institutions of a society contribute towards meeting the societys functional needs. The cohesion required for these contributions is developed through shared experiences and relationship amongst members and institutions in society (Anon 2005). It then supports aspects of both Marxist and Conservative theory. There is a legitimate, functional need for welfare in society. There will always be some people that are unable to work through no fault of their own. Society has a responsibility for the physically or mentally disabled person, for the widow with small children, for the poor older person who is past the age of employment. It has a responsibility to provide food, clothing, shelter, and schooling to children whose parents cannot or will not do so. These are widely agreed-upon needs. The functionalist sees the institutions of society as both providing for these needs and integrating the individuals receiving support into the broader society. The unemployed on welfare are to be encouraged and included, not stigmatised, because doing so is the best course for returning them to work (Barr 2004). Inequality is not a given, but exists as a possibility. A balance between the responsibilities of society and those of the individual member of society are envisioned in balance. Whether this future balance can be achieved is a contested topic. There is a growing concern about and resistance to immigration into Britain. Immigrants are seen as taking British jobs, for less pay, and sometimes rightfully so. A recent poll showed three-quarters of British citizens believe the number of immigrants should be cut back, up from two-thirds with this opinion in 1995 (Timmins 2004). More people are viewing immigration as a factor in increasing crime and disintegration of quality of community life (Timmins 2004). Some blame welfare recipients unwillingness to work as contributing to the immigration issue. Others foresee cultural changes they oppose as the number of immigrants rise (Johnston 2005). This type of divisive strife does not propel the country toward common values, stability, or social order. It also creates resentment amongst those required to foot the bill for programmes such as welfare, which they begin to see as undermining their way of life (Johnston 2005) . In conclusion, the British welfare state and social policy shifted toward conservatism in the 1980s, and is beginning to experience the effects of a more conservative mindset amongst its citizens. Whether all the tenets of structural consensus theory can be achieved remains to be seen, but the emphasis on focusing on the functional needs of society, and providing systems to meet these needs, will go a long ways toward achieving balance between the responsibility of society to its members and the responsibility of members to be independent contributors to their society. REFERENCES Anon 2005. The politics of welfare. Robert Gordon University Centre for Public Policy and Management [online]. Available at www.2rgu.ac.uk, accessed 28 March 2005. Barr, N., 2004. Economics of the Welfare State. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Johnston, P., 2005. Do we really not want to work? The Daily Telegraph, London, Features section, p. 23, 14 February 2005. Neslon, F., 2005. How pro-poor policies are widening the welfare gap. The Business, 23 January 2005. Taylor-Gooby, P., ed, 2004. New Risks, New Welfare: The Transformation of the European Welfare State. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Timmins, N., 2004. Hardening attitudes to benefits mesh with government policy. The Financial Times, London, National News Politics and Policy section, p. 4, 7 December 2004.

Where Do You Find the Bodies??

The lack of planning involved from local managers to corporate headquarters is affecting their Boomtown, Colorado location significantly. The Auto Service Center management and supervisors are not doing enough to influence the strategic direction of their Boomtown location and they are not analyzing the environment efficiently. From the gathered statistics about the fifty percent increase in population and three percent unemployment, we know the towns economic richness is on the rise.The top management of Auto Service Center should utilize the human resources In the organization more Intelligently. Human resource planning will ensure your employees have the competencies and skills required for your business to succeed. An efficient plan will help determine the resources needed, prepare you for staff turnover, recruitment, and strategic hilling. Failure to anticipate changes in the workforce often leads to you making Irrational decision. In essence Auto Service Center is not implement ing proper recruitment: maintain distraction with current employees or developing their managers to suit their long term organizational goals.Implementing a proper human resource plan will clear up common misunderstandings between top management, supervisors and employees while achieving other plans and strategies. The organization should resolve underlying issues so a motivated and committed workforce can operate effectively. Currently, without a proper human resource plan in place the Boomtown location for Auto Service Center will suffer in output and contribution in a situation where the opposite is easily possible.Milt Sonorant is in an awkward situation because his short term solution in hiring new mechanics will lead to same results without proper strategic planning and hiring. 2. The Auto Service Center top management and supervisors are not determining the right recruitment needs in Boomtown. An important part of the recruitment process is to avoid previous mistakes, anticip ate shortages, and reduce dissatisfaction in the process. Not only does Milt Sonorant need to recruit the right response he also needs to establish the training needs of employees.Training programs are important for improving quality and skills of employees In the organization. Without the proper funding and schedule a training program can create dissatisfaction from managers and employees. Auto Service Center must understand the costs and benefits of hilling and the risks of not hiring. Several different strategies could be used In hilling new mechanics at Boomtown, Colorado such as entering different labor markets, Improving relations In local labor market, advertising electronically, attending Job fairs, producing Job and task descriptions.However, a proper Job analysis should be conducted for Auto Service Center to determine the person who would fit the organization properly. Overall, multiple recruitment methods could be used by Auto Service Center to recruit the proper mechani c in their Boomtown location. Where Do You Find the Bodies † By mossback 1. I believe the case â€Å"Where Do You Find the Bodies † illustrates the lack of human utilize the human resources in the organization more intelligently. Human resource deed, prepare you for staff turnover, recruitment, and strategic hiring.Failure to anticipate changes in the workforce often leads to you making irrational decision. In essence Auto Service Center is not implementing proper recruitment; maintain programs are important for improving quality and skills of employees in the understand the costs and benefits of hiring and the risks of not hiring. Several different strategies could be used in hiring new mechanics at Boomtown, Colorado such as entering different labor markets, improving relations in local labor market,

Shadow Kiss Chapter 14

Fourteen ABOUT A HALF HOUR before my alarm was scheduled to go off the next morning, I heard a knock at my door. I expected it to be Lissa, but a sleepy check of our bond showed that she was still fast asleep. Puzzled, I staggered out of the bed and opened the door. A Moroi girl I didn't recognize handed me some folded clothes with a note attached. I wondered if I should tip her or something, but she left too quickly for me to react. I sat back on my bed and unfolded the clothing. Black slacks, white blouse, and a black jacket. It was the same ensemble that the other guardians wore around here, and it was in my size. Wow. I was about to become part of the team. A slow grin spread over my face, and I opened the note. It was in Dimitri's writing: Wear your hair up. The grin stayed on my face. A lot of female guardians cut their hair to show off their molnija marks. I'd reluctantly considered it once, and Dimitri had told me not to. He loved my hair and had told me to wear it up. The way he'd said it back then had given me chills, just like now. An hour later, I was on my way to the trial with Lissa, Christian, and Eddie. Someone had rustled up a black-and-white outfit for Eddie too, and I think we both kind of felt like kids playing dress-up with their parents' clothing. My cropped jacket and stretchy blouse were actually pretty cute, and I wondered if I'd be able to bring these back with me. The courtroom was over in the large, ornate building we'd passed upon arrival. Walking through its halls, I saw a mix of the old and the new. Outside, it was all arched windows and stone spires. Inside, it was a hub of modern activity. People worked in offices with flat-screen monitors. Elevators led to upper floors. Yet, despite that, a few antique touches could still be found. Sculptures on pedestals. Chandeliers in the halls. The courtroom itself had beautiful murals that stretched from floor to ceiling, and in the front of the room, seals from all the royal families hung on the walls. Lissa stopped as we walked in, her eyes falling on the Dragomir dragon. King of the beasts. A sea of conflicting emotions swirled within her as she stared at the seal and felt the full weight of being the only one left to carry on her name. Pride to be part of that family. Fear that she wouldn't be good enough to live up to the name. Giving her a gentle nudge, I urged her on toward our seats. The seating was split by an aisle down the middle of the room. We sat at the front of the right-hand section. There were still several minutes to go before proceedings began, but the room wasn't very full yet. I suspected that wouldn't change, due to the secrecy surrounding what had happened with Victor. A judge sat at the front, but there was no jury. An elevated seat on one side of the room marked where the queen would sit when she arrived. She would be the one who made the ultimate decision. That was how it worked with royal criminal cases. I pointed it out to Lissa. â€Å"Let's hope that she's against him. Looks like she'll be the only one making the decision.† Lissa frowned. â€Å"Not having a jury feels kind of weird.† â€Å"That's because we spent so much time around humans.† She smiled. â€Å"Maybe. I don't know. Just seems like there's a lot of room for corruption.† â€Å"Well, yeah. But this is Victor we're talking about.† Moments later, Prince Victor Dashkov himself entered the courtroom. Or, rather, just Victor Dashkov did. He'd been stripped of his title when he'd been imprisoned. It had gone to the next oldest person in the Dashkov family. Fear shot through Lissa, and the little color that was in her cheeks completely disappeared. Mingled with that fear was an emotion I hadn't expected: regret. Before he'd kidnapped her, Victor had been like an uncle to her – that was even how she'd referred to him. She'd loved him, and he'd betrayed her. I put my hand over hers. â€Å"Easy,† I murmured. â€Å"It's going to be okay.† His eyes, narrowed and cunning, looked around the courtroom as though it were a party. He had that same unconcerned look he'd had while talking to Dimitri and me. I felt my lips curl into a sneer. A red haze tinged my vision, and I worked hard to be as serene as the other guardians in the room. He finally focused on Lissa, and she flinched at seeing the same eye color she and others of her family had. When he nodded a sort of greeting to her, I felt my control snap. Before I could actually do anything, I felt new words in my mind – Lissa's. Breathe, Rose. Just breathe. It looked like we were going to have to rely on each other to get through this. A heartbeat later, Victor was walking again, off to take his seat on the left side of the room. â€Å"Thanks,† I said to her, once he was gone. â€Å"It's like you can read my mind.† â€Å"No,† she said gently. â€Å"I could just feel your hand.† I looked down at where I'd put my hand over hers. I'd done it to comfort her and had ended up clenching her fingers in my own agitation. â€Å"Yikes,† I said, jerking away and hoping I hadn't broken her bones. â€Å"Sorry.† Queen Tatiana's entrance followed his, which distracted me and helped calm my dark feelings. We all stood when she appeared and then knelt. It was all kind of archaic, but it was a custom the Moroi had held onto over the years. We didn't rise until she took her seat, and then the rest of us were able to sit too. The trial started. One by one, those who had witnessed the events with Victor gave their account of what they'd seen. Largely, this involved the guardians who had pursued Lissa when Victor had taken her away and who had subsequently been part of the raid on Victor's hideout. Dimitri was the last of the guardians to go. On the surface, his testimony wasn't much different than theirs. They'd all been part of the rescue squad, but his part in the story had begun a little earlier. â€Å"I was with my student, Rose Hathaway,† he said. â€Å"She shares a bond with the princess and was the first to sense what had happened.† Victor's lawyer – I couldn't even imagine how they'd gotten anyone to represent him – glanced at some papers and then looked back up at Dimitri. â€Å"Based on the events, it sounds like there was a delay between when she discovered that and when you alerted the others.† Dimitri nodded, his mask of composure never slipping. â€Å"She couldn't act on it because Mr. Dashkov had inflicted a charm on her, one that caused her to attack me.† He spoke the words so levelly, it amazed me. Not even the lawyer seemed to notice anything. Only I could see – or maybe it was just because I knew him – how much it hurt for Dimitri to lie. Oh, he wanted to protect us – wanted to protect me in particular – which was why he was doing this. But it killed a piece of him to stand up there, under oath, and lie. Dimitri was not perfect, no matter how much I thought he was some days, but he always tried to be truthful. Today he couldn't be. â€Å"Mr. Dashkov works with earth magic, and some who use that power and are strong in compulsion can influence our base instincts,† continued Dimitri. â€Å"In this case, he affected her anger and violence through an object.† Off to my left, I heard a sound – like someone choking on their own laughter. The judge, an elderly but fierce Moroi woman, glared. â€Å"Mr. Dashkov, please respect the decorum of this courtroom.† Victor, still smiling, waved his hands in apology. â€Å"I'm terribly sorry, Your Honor and Your Majesty. Something in Guardian Belikov's testimony just tickled my fancy, that's all. It won't happen again.† I held my breath, waiting for the blow to fall. It didn't. Dimitri finished his statement, and then Christian was called up. His part was short. He'd been with Lissa when she'd been taken and had been knocked out. His contribution was being able to ID some of Victor's guardians as the kidnappers. Once Christian sat down, it was my turn. I walked up, hoping I looked calm in front of all those eyes – and in front of Victor. In fact, I went out of my way to not look at him at all. As I said my name and gave my oath to tell the truth, I suddenly felt the full force of what Dimitri must have experienced. I was standing before all these people, swearing I'd be honest, but I would lie in an instant if the lust charm came up. My version was pretty straightforward. I had details to offer from before the night of the kidnapping, like about when Victor had laid his sick traps to test Lissa's power. Otherwise, my story lined up with Dimitri's and the other guardians'. I'd said before that I could lie well, and I brushed over the â€Å"attack† charm part with such ease that no one paid any attention. Except Victor. Despite my refusal to look at him, I inadvertently glanced in his direction when I mentioned the charm. His eyes bored into me, and a small smirk sat on his lips. His smugness, I realized, was more than just because he knew I was lying. It was also because he actually knew the precise truth – and the look he gave me told me that he had that power over me and Dimitri, the power to ruin everything for us in front of all these people – no matter what Dimitri had threatened. All the while, I kept my face calm enough to make Dimitri proud, but inside my chest, my heart thudded loudly. It seemed to last forever, but I knew I was only on the stand for a few minutes. I finished, sagging with relief that Victor hadn't called me out, and then it was Lissa's turn. As the victim, she offered the first new perspective thus far, and everyone there grew caught up in her story. It was compelling; no one had ever heard anything like it. I also realized that, without even trying, Lissa was using her spirit-induced charisma. I think it came from the same place compulsion did. People were enraptured and sympathetic. When Lissa described the torture Victor had put her through to force her to heal him, I saw faces go pale with shock. Even Tatiana's stern mask faltered a little, though whether she felt pity or just simple surprise, I couldn't say. The most amazing thing, though, was how calmly Lissa managed to deliver the story. On the outside, she was steady and beautiful. But as she spoke the words, describing exactly how Victor's henchman had tortured her, she relived the pain and terror of that night. The guy had been an air user, and he'd toyed with that element, sometimes taking it away so she couldn't breathe and at other times smothering her with it. It had been horrible, and I'd experienced it right along with her. In fact, I experienced it with her again now as she spoke about the events on the stand. Each painful detail was still etched in her mind, the pain echoing back to both of us. We were both relieved when her testimony finished. Finally, it was Victor's turn. From the look on his face, you never would have guessed he was on trial. He wasn't angry or outraged. He wasn't contrite. He didn't plead. He looked like we were all hanging out somewhere, like he had nothing in the world to worry about. Somehow, that made me that much angrier. Even when answering, he spoke as though he made perfect sense. When the prosecuting lawyer asked why he'd done what he had, he looked at her as though she were crazy. â€Å"Why, I had no choice,† he said pleasantly. â€Å"I was dying. No one was going to condone me openly experimenting with the princess's powers. What would you have done in my place?† The lawyer ignored that. She was having a hard time keeping the disgust off of her face. â€Å"And you found coaxing your own daughter into turning Strigoi also necessary?† Everyone in the courtroom shifted uncomfortably. One of the most awful things about Strigoi was that they were made, not born. A Strigoi could force a human, a dhampir, or a Moroi into becoming Strigoi if the Strigoi drank the victim's blood and then fed Strigoi blood back to the victim. It didn't matter if the victim wanted it or not, and once she became Strigoi, she lost all sense of her old, moral self. She embraced becoming a monster and killing others to survive. Strigoi converted others if they found someone they thought would strengthen their ranks. Sometimes they did it just out of cruelty. The other way a Strigoi could be made was if a Moroi willingly chose to kill another person during feeding, destroying all the magic and life within themselves. Christian's parents had done that because they'd wanted to be immortal, no matter the cost. Victor's daughter Natalie had done it because he had talked her into it. The extra strength and speed she'd gotten from being a Strigoi had helped her free him, and he'd felt his goals were worth the sacrifice. Again, Victor showed no remorse. His answer was simple. â€Å"Natalie made that decision.† â€Å"Can you say that about everyone you used to meet your ends? Guardian Belikov and Miss Hathaway had no say in what you made them do.† Victor chuckled. â€Å"Well, that's a matter of opinion. I honestly don't think they minded. But if you have time after this case, Your Honor, you might want to consider trying a statutory rape case.† I froze. He'd done it. He'd really done it. I expected everyone in the room to turn and point at Dimitri and me. No one even looked in our direction, though. Most people were giving Victor appalled looks. I realized that was exactly what Victor had known would happen. He just wanted to tease us; he didn't actually expect anyone to take him seriously. Lissa's feelings through the bond confirmed as much. She felt like Victor was trying to shift attention off of himself by making up stories about Dimitri and me. She was horrified that Victor would stoop so low. The judge was too, and she chastised Victor for getting off topic. By that point, most of the questioning was done. The lawyers wrapped up, and it was time for the queen to deliver her verdict. I held my breath again, wondering what she would do. He hadn't denied any of the charges. The evidence was overwhelming, thanks to my friends' testimonies, but as even Victor had pointed out, there was a lot of corruption among royals. The queen could very well decide that she didn't want the scandal involved with imprisoning someone so well known. Even if no one knew the details, his imprisonment would start a buzz. Maybe she didn't want to deal with that. Maybe Victor had bought her off too. But in the end, she found Victor guilty and sentenced him to life in prison – a different prison, not the one at Court. I'd heard stories about Moroi prisons, and they were terrible places. I suspected his new home would be very different from the cell we'd found him in. Victor remained calm and amused throughout it all, just as he had yesterday. I didn't like that. The conversation I'd had with him made me think he wasn't going to accept this as serenely as he pretended. I hoped they'd watch him closely. A gesture from the queen ended formalities. The rest of us stood up and began talking while she surveyed the room with a sharp eye, probably taking notes. Victor's escort started to lead him out. He passed by us again. This time, he stopped and spoke. â€Å"Vasilisa, I trust you've been well.† She didn't answer. She still hated and feared him, but with this verdict, she finally believed he could no longer hurt her. It was like the end of a chapter she'd been stuck in for months. She could finally move on and hopefully let those horrible memories fade. â€Å"I'm sorry we didn't get a chance to talk, but I'm sure we will next time,† he added. â€Å"Come on,† said one of the guardians with him. They led him away. â€Å"He's crazy,† muttered Lissa once he was gone. â€Å"I can't believe he said that stuff about you and Dimitri.† Dimitri was standing behind her. I looked up and met his eyes as he moved past us. His relief mirrored my own. We'd danced with danger today – and we'd won. Christian came up to her and hugged her, holding her for a long time. I watched them fondly, surprised at my own kind feelings for them. When a hand touched my arm, I jumped. It was Adrian. â€Å"You okay, little dhampir?† he asked softly. â€Å"Dashkov said a few †¦ uh †¦ suggestive things.† I stepped closer, keeping my voice low as well. â€Å"No one believed him. I think it's okay. Thanks for asking, though.† He smiled and tapped my nose. â€Å"Two thank-yous in as many days. I don't suppose I'll get to see any, uh, special gratitude?† I scoffed. â€Å"Nope. You'll just have to imagine it.† He gave me a half-hug and released me. â€Å"Fair enough. But I have a good imagination.† We started to leave, and then Priscilla Voda hurried over to Lissa. â€Å"The queen would like to meet with you before you leave. In private.† I glanced over to the raised chair where the queen sat. Her gaze was fixed on us, and I wondered what this could be about. â€Å"Sure,† said Lissa, as confused as I was. To me, she sent through the bond: Will you listen again? I gave her a quick nod before Priscilla spirited her off. I returned to my room, tuning in to Lissa while I packed my things up. It took a little while because Tatiana had to finish a few courtroom formalities, but she finally arrived in the same room as yesterday. Lissa and Priscilla bowed as she entered and waited for the queen to sit. Tatiana made herself comfortable. â€Å"Vasilisa, you need to be in the air soon, so I'll make this brief. I would like to make an offer to you.† â€Å"What kind of an offer, Your Majesty?† â€Å"You'll need to go to college soon.† She spoke like it was a done deal. And yeah, Lissa did plan on going to college, but I didn't like the presumption. â€Å"I understand you're dissatisfied with your choices.† â€Å"Well†¦it's not that I'm dissatisfied, exactly. It's just, all the places Moroi are supposed to go are small. I mean, I understand it's for safety, but I don't know. I'd like to go somewhere bigger. Somewhere prestigious.† Guardians monitored a handful of select colleges in the country so that Moroi could safely attend them. As Lissa had noted, though, they tended to be smaller schools. Tatiana nodded impatiently, like she already knew this. â€Å"I'm going to give you an opportunity that no one else has ever been given, to my knowledge. After graduation, I would like you to come live here, at the Royal Court. You have no family, and I think you'd benefit from learning politics right in the heart of our government. Along with this, we would make arrangements for you to attend Lehigh University. It's less than an hour from here. Have you heard of it?† Lissa nodded. I'd never heard of it, but she was enough of a nerd to have researched every college in the U.S. â€Å"It's a good school, Your Majesty. But†¦ still small.† â€Å"It's bigger than the ones Moroi usually attend,† she pointed out. â€Å"True.† In her mind, Lissa was trying to puzzle out what was going on here. Why was Tatiana making this offer? Especially considering how she'd seemed to disagree with Lissa earlier. There was something weird going on here, and she decided to see how far she could push it. â€Å"The University of Pennsylvania isn't that far either, Your Majesty.† â€Å"That school is enormous, Vasilisa. We couldn't ensure your safety there.† Lissa shrugged. â€Å"Well, then it probably doesn't matter if I go to Lehigh or one of the others.† The queen looked shocked. So did Priscilla. They couldn't believe Lissa seemed indifferent to the offer. Truthfully, Lissa wasn't indifferent. Lehigh was a step up from what she'd expected, and she wanted to go. But she also wanted to see how badly the queen wanted her to go. Tatiana frowned and appeared to be weighing matters. â€Å"Depending on your grades and experiences at Lehigh, we could possibly arrange for you to transfer in a couple years. Again, the safety logistics would be very difficult.† Wow. The queen did want her around. But why? Lissa decided to simply ask. â€Å"I'm very flattered, Your Majesty. And grateful. But why are you offering me this?† â€Å"As the last Dragomir, you're a precious commodity. I'd like to make sure your future is secure. And I do so hate to see bright minds wasted. Besides†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She paused, hesitant to speak her next words. â€Å"You were right to a certain extent. The Moroi do have trouble changing. It could be useful to have a dissenting voice around here.† Lissa didn't answer right away. She was still analyzing this offer from every possible angle. She wished I was there to advise her, but I wasn't sure I'd have much of an opinion. Splitting my guardian duty between the Court and a cool university could be pretty neat. On the other hand, we'd have more freedom elsewhere. In the end, Lissa decided in favor of higher education. â€Å"All right,† she said at last. â€Å"I accept. Thank you, Your Majesty.† â€Å"Excellent,† said Tatiana. â€Å"We'll see that the arrangements are made. You may go now.† The queen made no signs of moving, so Lissa bowed again and scurried to the door, still reeling with this news. Tatiana suddenly called out to her. â€Å"Vasilisa? Will you send your friend here to talk to me? The Hathaway girl?† â€Å"Rose?† she asked in astonishment. â€Å"Why do you – ? Yes, of course. I'll get her.† Lissa hurried toward guest housing, but I met her halfway. â€Å"What's going on?† I asked. â€Å"I have no idea,† said Lissa. â€Å"Did you hear what she said?† â€Å"Yup. Maybe she wants to tell me how I have to be extra careful with you going to that school.† â€Å"Maybe. I don't know.† Lissa gave me a quick hug. â€Å"Good luck. I'll see you soon.† I went to the same room and found Tatiana standing with her hands clasped, posture stiff and impatient. She was dressed like a corporate businesswoman again, with a sleek brown blazer and skirt set. That color wouldn't have been my first choice to go with her dark gray hair, but that was her style adviser's problem, not mine. I bowed just as Lissa had and glanced around the room. Priscilla was gone; only a couple guardians remained. I expected Tatiana to tell me to sit, but instead, she stood up and walked right over to me. Her face did not look happy. â€Å"Miss Hathaway,† she said sharply, â€Å"I'm going to keep this brief. You are going to stop this atrocious affair you're having with my great-nephew. Immediately.†

Roman Gladiators vs. the Gladiator Movie

Roman Gladiators vs. the Gladiator Movie In May 2000,  Gladiator  opened in movie theaters. Maximus Decimus Meridius (Russell Crowe) is a successful general from the Battle of the Danube under Marcus Aurelius (Richard Harris). Commodus (Joaquin Phoenix), son of Marcus Aurelius, condemns Meridius to probable death by sending him into the gladiatorial arena. Commodus isnt merely sending to an uncertain death the general he perceives as a threat to his throne. The new emperor himself enters the arena to ensure Meridius permanent  end. If the plot seems a bit far-fetched, its not- at least in the most obvious way, because Commodus and probably another half dozen emperors did indeed set foot in the arena. Emperor Gladiators The adulation of the crowds has to be among the most compelling reasons to become a gladiator. At first, gladiators were slaves, criminals condemned to death, and war prisoners. In time, free men volunteered to become gladiators. Brooklyn Colleges Roger Dunkle says it has been estimated that by the end of the Republic, half the gladiators were volunteers. There were even women gladiators. That Emperor Septimius Severus banned female gladiators suggests that by the beginning of the third century A.D., there was a sizable number of such Amazons. Two of the mad emperors, Caligula and Commodus, appeared as gladiators in the arena. Seven other emperors who werent demented, including Titus and Hadrian, either trained as gladiators or fought in the arena. The Gladiator Was Honored but Unrespectable Anyone who became a gladiator was, by definition, infamis (whence: infamy), not respectable, and beneath the law. Barbara F. McManus says gladiators had to swear an oath (sacramentum gladiatorium): â€Å"I will endure to be burned, to be bound, to be beaten, and to be killed by the sword.†Ã‚  This consigned the gladiator to possible death, but also conferred honor, much like that of a soldier. Not only was there honor for a gladiator, but there were adoring crowds, and, sometimes there was wealth (victors were paid with a laurel, monetary payment, and donations from the crowd) and a life of leisure. Some gladiators may have fought no more than two or three times a year and may have won their freedom within very few years. Because of the financial incentive, free men and even aristocrats who, having squandered their inheritance had no other comfortable means of support, would voluntarily become gladiators. At the end of his service, a freed gladiator (as a token, he received a rudis), could teach other gladiators or a he could become a freelance bodyguard. The plot is familiar: In todays movies, the ex-boxer, having survived dozens of bloody KOs with only a few disfigurements, becomes a manager or trainer at a boxing school. Some popular sports figures become sportscasters. occasionally, they become television or movie personalities or even politicians. Political Gladiator Fights An editor is a person who gives something forth into the public, like a public game. In the Republic, the Editores were politicians who, wishing to curry public favor, would put on fights between gladiators and animal shows. Today, municipalities build stadiums with tax dollars, a burden shared rather than being shouldered by a benefactor. The person with the status of the editor may be the owner of the sports team. Onto the floor of the amphitheater sand was poured to absorb blood. The word for sand in Latin is harena, from which our word arena comes. Sources depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/gladiatr/gladiatr.htm, Roger Dunkle on Gladiators www.ualberta.ca/~csmackay/CLASS_378/Gladiators.html, Blood Sport

26 Feel-Good Words

26 Feel-Good Words 26 Feel-Good Words 26 Feel-Good Words By Michael Some writers neglect the power of emotion when communicating their ideas, valuing logic more than others do, and assuming that everyone thinks like they do that careful reasoning is enough to convince readers and make points. But even the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, who was no enemy of reason, taught that stimulating emotion in your audience can be the key to persuading them. Ive decided that communication, instead of simply inserting information into my readers head, is more like striking a tuning fork that resonates with the tuning fork in my readers head. Emotion resonates in a way that logic does not. Here is a list of words that express powerful, positive emotions. They would fit well in a movie ad or a blurb on the back cover of a novel, two bastions of emotionally persuasive words. amazing from a Proto-Germanic word to confound or confuse so if you were a Proto-German you might not want to be amazed. But amazing now has a positive connotation of delight and wonder, though it is often used lightly, even when youre not paralyzed under a weight of marvelous singularity. appealing from the Latin for call, something that is appealing calls to you or attracts you. A convict would appeal to a judge to reconsider his innocence. arresting If you were a fugitive from the criminal justice system, you would avoid anything arresting, that stops you in your tracks. But sometimes its nice to be so overwhelmed by a thought or experience that you dont even move. astonishing Related to the modern word stun (as in stun gun) and to ancient words for stupefy, crash, daze, bang. One synonym is flabbergasting. I had a boss who liked to retort, I am astonied, as used in the King James Bible. astounding Closely related to stun, it includes the meanings of dazzling and bewildering. An astounding experience goes beyond mere surprise. attractive As you might expect, one synonym is magnetic something that allures or draws you by its own intrinsic power. Often used to describe members of the opposite sex. awe-inspiring Literally breathing awe into. The word awe once meant overwhelming dread, and this compound word preserves some of the dictionary connotation of majesty that awesome has lost. captivating Originally it simply meant making captive, something that pirates might do to others that you wouldnt want done to you. But like many words in this list, it now has pleasant connotations: being confronted by something so wonderful that you cant stop thinking about it. compelling When someone compels you, they force you to do something. When something is compelling, it forces you to consider it, as in a compelling argument that makes a lot of sense, or a compelling novel that makes you think. engaging From root words for pledge, promise, secure, an engaging person or thing makes you want to involve yourself with it and commit yourself to it, similar to the way two people become engaged when they decide to get married. Used in business buzzwords such as audience engagement and product engagement which involve much less commitment than marriage, though the marketing department might hope it was different. enticing Meaning tempting, alluring, its roots meant torch, firebrand. I suppose that being enticed is like being ignited. You can use the synonym inveigling, but few will know what you mean. You can use the archaic synonym illecebrous, but nobody will know what you mean. exhilarating This word exhilarating has the connotation of invigorating, refreshing, thrilling, exciting. Unlike awesome, this word has become stronger, not weaker, since the days of Rome. It comes from the Latin roots for ex-hilarity-ate-ing so its origin is something like gladdening, maybe as in That thoroughly hilarized me! That is, its related to hilarious, which today means very funny but formerly meant cheerful. fascinating Another happy word with sinister roots, coming from the Latin for bewitch, enthrall, cast a spell upon. It refers to something you find so interesting that youre spellbound or trapped (in a good way). impressive Yes, one of its roots is to press. An impressive experience makes an unforgettable impression on your mind, as the press at a government mint makes a powerful impression on metal blanks that turns them into coins. marvelous A marvelous sight provokes almost uncontrollable wonder in those who see it. From the Latin for worthy to be looked at. memorable Its Latin root originally meant worthy of mention, but it soon changed to worthy of remembering, as it means now. A synonym is remarkable, which means worth noting. mind-blowing Alfred Hitchcock wondered if it involved compressed air. Common in the 1960s and used to describe the effect of hallucinogenic drugs, it carries the sense of an experience so intense or unusual that the human mind is overwhelmed by it. mind-boggling First used in the early 1960s, it results in being overwhelmed, dumbfounded, or confused, usually mentally but also emotionally. overwhelming If whelm means to capsize, flood, or engulf, then overwhelm is even stronger. The power of an overwhelming experience is more than you can handle. rapturous It means blissful, filled with extreme delight. It comes from a Latin word for snatched, carried off, as one might feel during an ecstatic experience. A rapt listener is transported by and absorbed in what he or she is hearing. refreshing Literally, making fresh again, revitalizing because of its newness. It comes from ancient European words for fresh, as you might expect. But these words also have the sense of sweet, pure. riveting A rivet is a small metal fastener, so a listener would have trouble separating himself from a riveting conversation because it holds their attention so strongly. staggering Meaning reeling, tottering, bewildering. A drunk man staggers as he walks. Having a truly staggering realization might make it hard to walk straight its so amazing and astonishing that it affects the body. stunning Saying a person has stunning beauty means that he or she is so attractive that it causes the viewer to lose strength. Thats usually an exaggeration, but the word does imply amazement and high quality. Related to astonishing. thrilling Causing a sudden, intense excitement, even causing shaking or vibrating. Sword clashing against sword is thrilling in that sense. wondrous This word is not for ordinary experiences. A wondrous sight is truly amazing, causing deep awe and marvel. Though these words are all based on emotions, notice that they are also based on verbs actions that stimulate emotions in my heart that change my behavior or attitude. For example, an amazing event amazes me. An appealing object appeals to me. They are intended to inspire action. You could use most of them as exclamations, putting an exclamation mark after them, though people might look at you oddly if you blurted out, Oh rapturous! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Passed vs PastTelling a Good Poem from a Bad OneHyphenation in Compound Nouns